The article substantiates the relevance of conducting an expert assessment of rural human capital, which in modern conditions characterized by an increasing level of social exclusion and de-intellectualization of the rural population, as well as the expansion of COVID-19, is an effective impulse to accelerate socio-economic processes and continues to be the most popular resource and determining factor in the formation of the information society. Despite the variety of estimates of human capital, a unified approach to its measurement has not yet been developed. The most difficult problem is the lack of indicators that take into account the peculiarities of the formation and use of human capital in rural areas, which is primarily due to the information "opacity" of data. In addition, the indicators characterizing its qualitative characteristics are important for evaluation. From these positions, the article substantiates a new approach to the analysis of rural human capital, taking into account its main elements: education capital, health capital, social and labor capital and intellectual capital. Comparative and abstract-logical analysis, institutional and systemic approaches, the method of scoring and the method of simplifications were used as research methods. The main result of the study was an assessment of: the general education of rural residents and the state of the education sector; satisfaction of the rural population with their health and the level of medical care; adaptation to rural lifestyle and improvement of cultural level; opportunities for self-realization and the use of professional skills. The study shows a heterogeneous perception of the problems of human capital development by the experts participating in the survey. Some respondents believe that unsatisfactory living conditions in rural areas, the consequences of the pandemic together limit the accumulation of rural human capital, others are convinced that against the background of accelerating digitalization processes, there will be positive changes in its use. In any case, for the gradual transformation of human capital into a significant factor in the development of rural areas, a long-term socio-economic policy aimed at developing the processes of reproduction of human capital with phased implementation in each region of Russia is necessary.
The rural area of Russia is two–thirds of the country's land resources, including over 220 million hectares of agricultural land. The share of the rural population in the total population exceeds 25%. Labor and land resources are the basis of the economic potential of society, the country, individual territories and industries. Rural areas are of particular importance in activating this potential, which is possible only when the state creates certain organizational and economic conditions for the development of entrepreneurship and local self-government in rural areas. The article, based on economic and statistical, monographic methods, the method of expert evaluation, provides a critical analysis of the modern development of rural areas of Russia, the expediency of using programmatic and design approaches to solving rural problems, the possibility of using new models and tools of economic organization in practice, in particular, increasing the level of state support for rural (farm) farms, dissemination of best practices of effective work of national enterprises, ancestral estates, the cooperative system "support farmer", development of alternative agricultural activities in rural areas, including agro-tourism and others. Currently, it is advisable to revive strategic planning and regulation of economic and social processes in the rural economy. In the meantime, this is not the case, large business ensures its efficiency to a greater extent due to state support, while small business ensures its own efforts, patriotism and private interest in preserving and increasing its farms and the material well–being of the family. Carefully studying the theory and practice of agrarian relations and reforms in Russia and abroad and competently implementing the best solutions in modern times, it is possible to ensure sustainable economic development of rural areas in our country.
Relevance of the study. One of the determining factors of the development of the Russian rural economy and processing industries in the medium term is the ongoing changes in the structure of agri-food markets due to the departure of many companies from the Russian Federation, the stoppage of equipment supplies, the organization of parallel imports of spare parts, biomaterials and ingredients, changes in logistics schemes. The ongoing transformation gives chances for the development of the grassroots level – the local rural economy, which includes local consumers and all producers (owners of private farms, farmers, individual entrepreneurs) with the exception of those employed in large agricultural industries. Local consumers should be understood as residents of rural areas and urban settlements that are geographically interconnected. However, it is precisely this category of producers that lacks many opportunities to sell products and provide services available to large companies, which creates well-known problems of the rural population: low income, lack of jobs, growing poverty and, ultimately, the departure of residents from the village. It is necessary to ensure the possibility of marketing the products of local rural producers, using the most appropriate sales formats for their needs.
The system of scientific views on the problem of poverty of the rural population is considered. The toolkit of social contracts for the poor rural population has been adapted, containing two areas: reducing administrative barriers for participants in contractual relations and a set of measures to improve the conditions for providing assistance, including reforming the conditions for supporting the activities of personal subsidiary farms, focused on increasing real incomes and increasing agricultural production; clarified the concept of "working poor" in relation to potential participants in contractual relations. Directions for reducing rural poverty are recommended by improving the conditions for supporting a social contract, which is a form of agreement between the state and a citizen (family), in which social protection agencies provide assistance to citizens with incomes below the subsistence level. It is concluded that the system of social contracts can effectively increase the real incomes of the population both through direct satisfaction of the vital needs of the population, and through its active involvement in the labor market (due to the acquisition of new specialties and employment), as well as the development of own production within the framework of personal subsidiary farms (as a self-employed citizen). Modern multimedia technologies will make it possible to carry out effective remote support of contracts: to carry out explanatory and consulting work, to accept reporting documents, and so on.
All logistics strategies and tactics are based on a universal formula: goods and services in the right place, at the right time, in the right condition and at the highest profitability. For Russia, which has significant movements and branched flows of export grain, logistics in order to ensure the competitiveness of grain exports is important. Unreasonably high logistics costs are largely the result of a lack of modern grain storage facilities, their uneven territorial placement, as well as insufficiently efficient transportation of grain cargo. The increase in the competitiveness of Russian grain in the world markets will be facilitated by integration solutions in the development of the transport and logistics potential of the agro-industrial complex.
The article considers the product of the oil-fat complex - fish oil. An overview of the world's fish oil market has been made: its production, exports, imports and domestic consumption in the world's leading fish oil production and also in the Russia.
During the economic crisis associated with the pandemic, the agro-industrial sector suffered the least losses in comparison with other industries. This is due to the fact that agriculture is a priority segment of ensuring the food security of our country and individual regions. At the same time, a significant share of Russian agro-industrial products is in demand abroad, which makes it possible to ensure stable export supplies and ensure the necessary level of economic efficiency for organizations in the analyzed industry. The article examines the concept and essence of anti-crisis management of the agro-industrial complex, analyzes the results of the development of the industry, identifies the main problems and promising mechanisms of anti-crisis management, including in the conditions of economic recovery after the pandemic.
The article discusses the theories of spatial development, explores their features and patterns. Special attention is paid to the study of theoretical approaches to the theory of spatial development of agriculture. An important research feature is the analysis of scientific works of Soviet, Russian and foreign scientists in the field of spatial development in general and agriculture in particular. The presented research will complement the theory and practice of managing the spatial development of agriculture.
In the article, in the context of taking into account the new conditions and requirements for the development of the domestic agro-food sector, caused by sanctions against Russia, the issues of methods for assessing the effectiveness and reserves of the work of agricultural organizations are considered. On the example of agricultural enterprises of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, calculations were made to test the proposed methodological approaches.
The adaptation of the agricultural sector to the adverse effects of the ongoing climate change is a challenge facing modern agriculture. One of the key signs of climate change is an increase in the average annual air temperature. In the world over the past 100 years, the average air temperature has increased by 2 degrees, especially this trend has accelerated over the past 30 years. Agriculture is one of the types of economic activities sensitive to climate change. In order to develop effective mechanisms to reduce the risks of economic and other types of damage associated with global warming, it is necessary to clearly understand what difficulties each region will face individually, as well as what challenges will be typical for different groups of regions. The purpose of this study is to typologies and further characterize the potential of agriculture in regions with different levels of temperature anomalies in the summer. The main research methods were the method of statistical grouping and correlation and regression analysis. The article presents an interval distribution series that allows us to identify regions with the minimum, average and maximum levels of temperature increase in July in 2003, 2008, 2013, 2014, as well as in the period 1976-2018 in the summer. The characteristics of each group of regions in terms of the potential and conditions of functioning of agriculture in these regions are given. A regression model with a dummy variable is constructed, which makes it possible to assess the impact and further predict grain yields taking into account the observed temperature anomaly. The key conclusion of this study is the fact that a third of Russian regions with a high level of resource potential of agriculture are in the group with an high increase in temperature over the past 40 years, significantly affecting the efficiency of agriculture.