The article is devoted to the analysis of export and import of nuts in the Russia (TN VED code 0801; 0802). The article provides data on the volume of world exports and imports of nuts of the Russia. The largest Russia nut exporters were considered. The presence of the largest number of large enterprises in Moscow was revealed, which once again confirms the prospects of this city as an ideal export platform. The features of phytosanitary certification of nuts are reflected, since preferences are not provided without a certificate of the country of origin, even if formally the cargo is imported from a country that enjoys preferences. Measures aimed at regulating the export of pine nuts from the Russia are given. The study period covers a 15-year period (2010-2024) and includes an analytical review and identification of export and import trends of nuts of the Russia.
The legislator in 2024, by making adjustments to the basic law of the Republic of Kazakhstan, has created institutional conditions for the development of local self-government. The issues of formation and development of local self-government system in rural areas of the Republic of Kazakhstan are considered. The main approaches to this problematic are analyzed, on the basis of which the author's concept is tested on the example of Arshaly district of Akmola region. Approaches in assessing the effectiveness of budget expenditures are investigated. The criteria for assessing the effectiveness of local government are proposed. It is established that the progressive development of rural areas is largely determined by the effective work of local authorities. However, the transfer of powers to the 4th level is not accompanied by changes in the budgetary process in order to financially ensure the solution of new tasks of local self-government.
Brazil's modern agricultural policy is being shaped by a number of global challenges related to the transformation of the global food market, changes in the conjuncture of energy markets, increased geopolitical tensions and the sanctions confrontation between Russia and Western countries. The article examines the experience of structural changes in the agricultural policy of Brazil, a global producer and exporter of agricultural products and food. Brazil's success in the field of agricultural production and, especially, its exports can be explained by many factors, including investments in technology, natural and climatic advantages, however, the role of agricultural policy instruments and measures is increasingly increasing in highly competitive international markets. In the context of the transformation of the global food market, the main priorities of Brazil's agricultural policy are: the development of science and the massive introduction of advanced innovations in agriculture, increasing the production of export-oriented types of agricultural products, increasing the country's agricultural exports, its diversification, increasing government support for the agricultural sector, expanding foreign economic relations and strengthening the country's role in integration associations.
The article examines the role of innovation in the transformation of the agricultural sector using the example of Canada. The integrated development of Canada's agricultural sector is based on the interaction of a number of factors, primarily public investment in agricultural science, an effective institutional and policy environment, as well as cooperation and knowledge exchange between various stakeholders, which create favorable conditions for innovation. The analysis of specialized federal and provincial programs, the activities of agencies that provide stable financing of agricultural research and development is carried out.
Structural changes in the global agricultural sector, caused largely by global population growth and increased demand for food, have an impact on almost all its characteristics, including labor productivity and employment in agriculture. The development of science and technology, digitalization and robotics significantly increase labor productivity, while there is a gradual reduction in the number of people employed in the agricultural sector. However, the development and application of scientific and technological achievements in practice require increased investment and an increasingly skilled workforce. Economically developed countries have great opportunities to meet these needs, unlike less developed countries, which significantly affects the agricultural sector. At the present stage, high-income countries are characterized by a decrease in the share of agriculture in GDP and employment in the industry, industry and the service sector are developing rapidly. In most low-income countries, agriculture is the main economic sector with high employment. Relatively low economic development hinders the introduction of scientific and technological achievements in an industry in which labor is more labor-intensive and less paid than the work of qualified specialists, but it should be noted that in countries of this category there is a gradual increase in labor productivity and poverty eradication. The general global problem remains the resettlement of rural populations to cities, especially young people, which has a serious impact not only on agriculture, but also on the sustainable development of rural areas. Diversification of rural activities solves this problem to a certain extent, but it is necessary to develop medium- and long-term strategies in this area.
The development of innovation, digital technologies and new technological processes play an important role in the modern economy. Innovative activities make it possible to increase production efficiency, reduce costs, create new markets and ensure competitiveness. Investments play a key role in innovation activities. The development of innovation has a significant effect on the state, territories and organizations of all types of economic activity. At the state level, innovation can help improve the standard of living of the population, develop the competitiveness of the economy and create jobs. At the territorial level, the development of innovation can lead to the concentration of innovative activity in certain regions or cities. Such places become centers of economic growth and attract highly qualified specialists. This can help develop infrastructure, increase attractiveness for business and attract investment. The article examines the state of the regions according to indicators characterizing investment processes and innovative development. Based on the application of the rating assessment method, the state of the regions of the Volga, Ural and Siberian federal districts of Russia in terms of investment levels is characterized. A multidimensional grouping of the regions of these districts was carried out according to indicators of innovation activity and the development of innovative activity of economic entities. The problems that are inhibitors in the development of innovative activity in the regions of Russia are identified.
The article examines trends and prospects for the development of an agricultural insurance system with state support in the context of structural changes in Russian agriculture. The study analyzed some indicators of structural changes in agriculture, as well as indicators of the volume of insurance with government support. Economic reforms carried out in the country are making the issues of theory and practice of economic risk management in the agricultural sector increasingly relevant. Agricultural insurance is relevant for agricultural production due to the high probability of natural and climatic risks, and, consequently, losses. Since, along with weather risks, there are risks of changes in market conditions, credit risk and others, a systematic approach to risk management in agriculture is required. In recent years, much attention has been paid to the development of the agricultural insurance system, however, the difficulties in developing affordable insurance products and the imperfection of the claims settlement procedure continue to be limiting factors.
The principles and goals of technological development for the production of innovative products in accordance with the Doctrine of Food Security are possible only in the context of the transfer of food and processing industries, and fishing industries to the rails of innovative development, relying on their own scientific, technical and personnel potential. The state today has done a lot to provide legislative and regulatory support for the development of an innovative economy. These regulatory and legal acts define the basic principles, priorities, directions and measures for the implementation of state policy; they are the basis for the development of industry strategies and state programs for the development of the food complex. The theory and practice of innovation development shows that innovation processes are based on the collective work of many participants in economic activity, and various types of government institutions play a crucial role in it. Technological and organizational innovations in any production system set in motion economic processes, ensuring economic growth and social progress, with a fair distribution of the created social product. Innovations are not born out of nowhere; their development is based on the experience of previous scientists and specialists with their scientific and engineering schools; they must be actively supported by the state within the framework of developed strategies and programs.
The article is devoted to the study of the problems of digitalization of livestock production processes in Russia. The article provides data on the production of livestock products, as well as the availability of machinery and equipment in organizations engaged in such production. The issues of digitalization of this branch of agriculture and existing measures of state support for the provision of agricultural organizations with machinery and equipment necessary for the digitalization of animal husbandry and their production in the country are considered. New types of state support for the production of such machinery and equipment are proposed.
In the current global economic, political and demographic situation, the problem of pricing mineral fertilizers is becoming increasingly relevant. Mineral fertilizers are the basis for the development of the agricultural industry, which provides the population with food. Based on a comprehensive analysis, the work identifies the main groups of factors that influence the demand for mineral fertilizers, and identifies the features of the formation of prices for mineral fertilizers in modern economic conditions. An assessment is given of the average prices of Russian producers for the main types of fertilizers sold on the domestic market and exported, as well as world prices. In the context of the main domestic producers of mineral fertilizers (PhosAgro, Acron, Uralkali and EuroChem), a comparative structural and dynamic analysis of the cost of products sold, which acts as a factor determining the value of selling prices for fertilizers, was carried out. In conclusion, a forecast for the near future is given regarding the expected dynamics of prices for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium mineral fertilizers.