The article outlines the main conceptual provisions for organizing in Russia operational monitoring of the population's effective demand for food, based on the interpretation of the essence of “demand” as the needs of individuals, for the satisfaction of which there are physical and monetary capabilities. The author presents a system of indicators for tracking the volume and dynamics of Russians' demand for food, based on the level of aggregation that is necessary and possible, taking into account the existing statistical base (Russian Federation, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, urban and rural areas, social and demographic groups of the population), and the frequency of observation.
The problem of inequality in the modern world and the fight against poverty are currently the most discussed by leading economists from different countries, including Russian scientists. Poverty as a social phenomenon is typical for all countries with different types of economic structure and different levels of socio-economic development. It has a significant impact on the economic and social stability of society, affects the dynamics of economic growth and the development of the market of goods and services. The socio-economic policy pursued in Russia has lost the social guarantees that were inherent in the period of the USSR. Against the background of an unstable economic situation and high inflation, many groups of the population were unable to adapt to the new conditions of economic development, which led to differentiation of the population by material and property status. And, in this regard, the problem of poverty and inequality has become relevant for Russia as well. The distribution of the population by the amount of per capita monetary income characterizes the differentiation of the population by the level of material prosperity. Currently, there is a positive trend in the growth of consumption of basic foodstuffs, but high inflation and a large number of poor people do not solve the problem of economic accessibility of food, of which the country produces enough. In the foreseeable future, this task is quite solvable, and the necessary resources and political will of the top leadership of the state are available for this.
Sheep farming as a branch of animal husbandry that ensures the country's food security, in the context of economic globalization and imposed sanctions needs constant state support based on a systematic, integrated approach and the implementation of a program-oriented management principle. The relevance of the research topic is due to modern trends in the development of sheep breeding associated with a reduction in the number of small cattle, wool production, and the predominance of sheep breeding in small forms of farming in regions with a traditional way of life of the indigenous population. The purpose of the study is to assess the existing measures of state support for sheep farming in the represented regions of the country and their impact on the development of the industry. State support is implemented in the form of a step-by-step system for the development of sheep farming, ranging from grant activities, agricultural start-ups for novice farmers, family farms and ending with state support for the largest large-scale investment projects. State support measures can be aimed at: stimulating an increase (preservation) of the number of small cattle, compensating part of the cost of meat production at a rate of 1 kg of live weight, subsidizing capital expenditures for the creation of feedlots and livestock complexes, for the purchase of breeding young sheep. The paper identifies the problems of industry development in the Trans-Baikal Territory, the solution of which is advisable to be carried out on the basis of state regulation. Monographic, abstract-logical, and analytical research methods were used in the research process.
The paper considers methods of forecasting the development of industries included in the structure of the agro-industrial complex in order to identify the most optimal way of forecasting. The most frequently used methods are highlighted and their effectiveness in forecasting the development of sectors of the national economy is analyzed. The limitations of the most used method, extrapolation, are noted, which consists in the problem of obtaining promising estimates for independent variables, and options for its solution are considered. The methods of forecasting the development of industries based on the establishment of statistical dependencies are investigated. The possibility of developing a system of comprehensive forecasts of the development of the national economy without laborious calculations on the interconnection of industries is also being considered. As a result, the analysis of models that are most suitable for forecasting quasi-equilibrium economic structures is presented.
The legal features of land shares are determined: establishing ownership of a land share, methods of disposing of land shares, a special procedure for making decisions on transactions with land shares, the judicial process for resolving disputes. Territorial differences between land shares are the lack of clear boundaries of the land plot, the difficulty of carrying out land surveying of a land plot that has not been allocated in kind, and the fragmented use of a land plot consisting of land shares. Organizational elements of the process of forming land shares include decision-making at a general meeting of owners of land shares, cadastral registration of a land mass of common shared ownership, and not a separate plot, and the formation of escheatable land shares. The economic characteristics chosen were the cost of a land plot divided into shares, the possibility of receiving passive income from rent, the pre-emptive right to purchase from an agricultural organization, and payment of land tax by the tenant. The process of transformation of unclaimed land share into other types of property from 1995 to 2025 is shown. by periods of operation of the temporary, ineffective, adaptive institution of land shares. The weak position of the institution of land shares is confirmed by the imperfection of the mechanism for involving agricultural land in circulation, the ineffectiveness of tools for the use of unclaimed land shares in the Saratov region.
The development of scientific potential and the introduction of innovative solutions is becoming critical for the further development of the agro-industrial complex of Russia. This is due to the fact that the agro-industrial complex of Russia is a strategically important industry, therefore, a new stage of technological development, which has affected all sectors, is directly related to the agricultural sector of the economy. Today, the task of transforming agriculture into a high-tech competitive element of the food system is acute. Such a task statement increases the need to intensify the introduction of innovations in all areas of the agro-industrial complex, and, consequently, the demand for scientific support of appropriate management decisions and assessment of its effectiveness increases.
The events that unfolded in connection with the economic sanctions by the unfriendly countries against Russia in 2022 and the ongoing so far have significantly limited the access of domestic producers to foreign capital, advanced technologies and digital goods. Nevertheless, we consider it appropriate to consider the present topic of the study, given its importance and relevance for the food security of the country and the need to increase the availability of Russian agricultural producers to the capital of friendly countries. The article considers some theoretical aspects of the problem of direct foreign investment of agricultural commodity producers in the conditions of sanctions pressure and geostrategic instability, Emphasis is placed on the illegality of restricting foreign capital flows by Western countries, which affects the supply of agricultural raw materials and food to underdeveloped countries. It is noted that in the case of foreign direct investment, control not only the means of management of the enterprise, but also the institution of its establishment, accession, allocation and liquidation, which imposes corresponding obligations on the system of property relations and its characteristic. The possibility and the need to attract foreign direct investment from different countries to address the problem of food supply in countries that lack sufficient resources - agricultural land and sufficient capital - are emphasized. On the basis of an analysis of various theoretical views on the understanding of the nature and nature of foreign direct investment, it is concluded that it is advisable to adjust the approach, namely to consider them in terms of relations with the inclusion of restrictive criteria in the definition. The article presents the author's interpretation of foreign direct investment (FDI) from this position and, on this basis, proposes an understanding of FDI in the agro-food sector as a relationship in the field of formation, accumulation, distribution of capitalized savings of a resident of one country and their use and management at an enterprise of a foreign state in the process of capital movement for the organization and management of agricultural production, logistics and the wholesale food chain, in order to solve the problem of providing the population with food products of states and on this basis making a profit or achieving another effect.
The article is devoted to the most important problem in the modern agricultural sector – stimulating the transfer of scientific developments into business practice. The influence of state support measures on the development of this process is shown and its main forms are determined: direct, indirect, indirect. The multidimensional content of state support made it possible to consider the totality of its structural elements (industrial, economic, social and environmental components) and determine their impact on the socio-economic development of rural areas. The classification of factors is given, taking into account the influence of the external and internal environment on them, the degree of their impact (direct and indirect), the possibility of managing them based on digital solutions (regulated and unregulated), as well as the nature of their occurrence – objective and subjective. Research has established that the transfer of technological solutions is influenced by factors belonging to various groups: biological, technical and technological, organizational and economic, social and environmental, which allowed us to identify key areas of scientific research and their transfer to the real sector of the economy. It has been revealed that many instruments, such as bank and credit interest rates, subsidy rates, price levels, tariffs, duties, and the agricultural insurance system are currently available mainly only to highly efficient agricultural producers. In this regard, possible scenarios of the impact of state support in the transfer of new technologies to production are considered. The economic aspects of the methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of scientific research and development are considered. The main directions of improving state support measures aimed at both accelerated transfer of scientific developments into economic practice and the development of rural areas are presented.
The transition to an innovative path of development of the domestic agro-industrial complex is one of the priority tasks, and therefore a rather serious scientific and applied task is the development of a mechanism for assessing the level of its innovative development. In this article, using data-mining and big-data analysis tools, indicators of innovative development of economic systems are identified and a trend analysis of some of them is carried out. The purpose of this study is to develop a methodological approach that allows us to identify indicators of innovative development in the agricultural sector of the economy and conduct a qualitative assessment of their level of innovative development. The work used tools of semantic, monographic and content analysis, as well as SLR (systematic literature review). The proposed methodological approach, based on system analysis in combination with big data technologies, made it possible to determine with a high degree of reliability indicators of innovative development of the agricultural sector of the economy, as well as to analyze trends in its innovative development.
Most agricultural producers, in order to increase agricultural production volumes, prefer the use of mineral fertilizers. However, due to their negative impact on soil fertility and environmental damage, there has gradually been a tendency in global practice to increase the use of organic fertilizers. The use of organic fertilizers contributes to increased productivity, increased production of agricultural products and improved soil composition and structure. Organic agriculture and the production of environmentally friendly agricultural products based on their use pose new challenges for producers of organic fertilizers in Russia. The work examines the peculiarities of the functioning of the Russian organic market and provides a detailed analysis of the resource potential (production and import) of such fertilizers. Based on a comprehensive assessment, the main constraint factors and key drivers for the development of the organic fertilizer market were identified. In addition, prospects for the development of this market segment are outlined.