The article is devoted to the economic aspects of the functioning and prospects for the development of fishing and fish farming in Russia. The analysis of dynamics of extraction of water biological resources and production of canned fish is carried out. The estimation of the profitability of fishing and energy costs of production of canned fish and preserves is given. The prospects for the development of the industry in the context of investment and control of water biological resources are considered.
In recent years, modern meat industry enterprises are being rapidly formed in the Russia. However, there are significant problems related to the lack of financial and resource support for this industry, as well as the instability of demand for manufactured products and its weak competitiveness. This situation was partly due to the outdated structure of the meat processing complex economy, inherited by modern Russia from the USSR, and the general technological backwardness of the Soviet industry. The aim of the study is a comprehensive study of the current trends in the meat industry in order to develop proposals for the creation of modern and highly efficient industrial-type complexes for the slaughter of livestock, primary and deep processing of meat. Foreign and domestic experience shows that for profitable production of meat and meat products it is advisable to use cooperation and integration in the form of a cluster between enterprises of the industry and related industries. The article considers the prospects of creating clusters of meat direction in the Russia, which allow to significantly increasing economic efficiency and social sphere of the regions. The study used an assessment of theoretical and practical aspects on the formation of clusters of meat direction. The main factors affecting their establishment and production activities were identified, including the availability of: the necessary raw material base; Engineering and transport infrastructure; investment attractiveness of the project; geographically close production and processing enterprises; relevant professionals and researchers. It was concluded that it is necessary to further implement the cluster approach in the Russian Federation in order to increase the volume of meat production, increase its competitiveness, further develop the export potential of the industry and generally improve the socio-economic situation in the country.
Market transformations that have taken place in the agricultural sector of the Russian economy have led to a decrease in the production of all types of agricultural products. The reduction in milk production led to a sharp increase in its import supplies, which led to a decrease in the number of dairy cows. Over the past 30 years, the number of cattle has decreased by almost 39 million, or 69‰. The number of dairy animals in 2018 amounted to 7.9 million, which is 2 times less than the 1988 level. Milk production also decreased by 2 times. As a result, feed procurement volumes declined sharply.
The article reviews the assessments of the state of agriculture of the USSR of the late socialist period contained in the works of foreign analysts. Particular attention is paid to their interpretations of the measures of the Soviet leadership aimed at increasing labor productivity and the efficiency of investment in the agricultural sector, as well as reforms to the development of the private sector in agriculture. An analysis of the conclusions of foreign Sovietologists and economists allows us to clarify the state of agriculture of the Soviet Union in the late 1970s and the first half of the 1980s.
In Russia and in the world, the technology of socially responsible investment is gaining popularity, which provides for a significant social result along with obtaining commercial success. The historical evolution of socially responsible investment does not have a long period, but nevertheless, we can already talk about the successful experience of its approbation, the study of which will be very useful for socially oriented Russian business. The use of social investment technologies is possible by various agents of economic relations, including organizations of the agro-industrial complex, which take responsibility for solving numerous social problems in rural areas. The purpose of the article is to review the historical retrospective and analyze the current state of socially responsible investment, which proves the viability of using social investment as a tool for achieving a double result - commercial and social. The comparative analysis shows a steady increase in the number, attention and willingness of investors to financially support projects that can make positive transformations in society with measurable results and bring financial returns to the investor. The review of the global impact investment market showed a significant share of the representation of developed countries and a fairly modest place for Russia in it, but nevertheless, our country is making the first attempts to institutionalize the process of socially responsible investment as an effective way to harmonize business activities and solve social and environmental problems.
The results of scientific research indicate that structural and technological shifts in agriculture occur under the influence of a significant number of factors, natural, economic, technical and technological, and political in nature. Additions are given to the existing interpretations of the features of agricultural production, which interacts with dozens of sectors of the national economy, which allows in the theoretical aspect to significantly expand ideas about its specific features, which will need to be taken into account when implementing structural and technological changes. Particular attention is paid to economic challenges, which, along with others, have a multifactorial impact on structural and technological changes in the agricultural sector of the economy. They are characterized in the development of world agro-industrial production by intensive growth in demand for food and concentration of the population in large cities; growth in agricultural production and international food trade; the persistence of international trade barriers due to restrictions on national food security systems; lack of mechanisms for harmonious development between large agribusiness and small agricultural producers. It is proposed to carry out economic and social assessment of the ongoing structural changes and the adaptation of agricultural producers to these processes, by taking into account the development of the following structures: industry, organizational, economic, and territorial and resource potential.
The article explores the problems of the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The main reasons for the delay in the development of agriculture of the republic in recent years are the lack of close interaction between the branches of government and the imperfection of the applied financial and economic mechanisms. In addition, there is such a factor as a lack of young qualified personnel in the industry, and an aging rural population. Weak development of the labor market and agricultural technologies, neglect of production and social infrastructure in the countryside annually increase the outflow of the population from rural areas. The aim of the study is to develop proposals for changing the situation, including mandatory consolidation of the formation of the regional agricultural system based on the totality of the systems of municipalities and the improvement of the training system for the agricultural sector.
At the present stage of development of the country's agricultural sector, the problem of providing the population with high-quality cattle breeding products - milk and cattle meat remains unresolved. In the course of the study, it was found that for the effective development of this livestock subsector, it is necessary to use to a greater extent the natural potential of natural hayfields and pastures, the area which in Russia is over 70 million hectares. At present, 3.5-4.5 hectares of natural fodder land fall on one head of cattle and, in our opinion, their complex use is possible both in industrial cattle breeding in densely populated areas and on medium-sized livestock farms (200-600 goals), in households (from 1-2 to 40 goals) and peasant farms (60-120 or more goals).
The article presents the results of a study on the development of the resource base, which requires the expansion of scientific research and field intelligence; construction of a modern fishing fleet; attracting investments, the volume of which is dictated by the specifics of the produced or extracted resources, the scale of production and the factors involved in production, the geography of the location of the raw material base and processing enterprises; coordination of work with international organizations and foreign countries. It is proposed to expand the raw material base for the extraction of aquatic biological resources, firstly, through the development of resources in the Arctic zone of Russian jurisdiction (scientific research is required to determine stocks, preserve and establish acceptable catch volumes for certain types of fish and shellfish); secondly, the extraction of aquatic biological resources that live at depths of more than one kilometer (large-scale scientific research is necessary, determining their suitability for food purposes).
In this paper, we analyze the dynamics of the indicators of gross fish catch and the extraction of other aquatic biological resources in Russia, as well as the dynamics of the volumes of fish products received for further processing, including fish products received from foreign organizations. The dynamics of production volumes of salable fish food products, the production of canned and preserved fish from seafood, as well as the production of food, feed and technical products in kind and in value terms is revealed. In conclusion, an analysis of the dynamics of the main economic indicators of the fishing and fish farming industry in Russia is carried out.