Currently, the Russian economy is facing the urgent task of finding new sources of growth, one of which should be a high-tech and competitive agro-industrial complex. Despite the efforts made by the state in recent years aimed at intensifying scientific and technological development in the agro-industrial complex, a number of problems remain that hinder the solution of strategic tasks of its innovative development, as well as the activation of business initiatives in the industry. At the same time, certain adjustments in the development of innovations in the domestic agricultural sector are being made by the current unfavorable socio-economic situation caused by sanctions, the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic and the general technical and technological lag of the industry. Consequently, without breakthroughs in the development of new technologies, it is extremely difficult to achieve the main goals set for the domestic agroindustrial complex, including the main one - to achieve the country's food security. To solve this problem, it is necessary to form a new innovative management system of the agroindustrial complex of Russia. In the current situation, the policy of scientific and technological development of the domestic agroindustrial complex should be based on the principles of state support. In this regard, many issues of this field of subject research remain relevant, insufficiently elaborated in modern realities. The article presents directions for improving the scientific and technological policy of agriculture, including mechanisms and measures of state support for innovative development, which will contribute to the accelerated formation of an innovative system of agricultural management, as well as reducing the dependence of the industry on imports of scientific and technical developments and increasing the innovative sovereignty of the domestic agro-industrial complex. The issues discussed in the article can be reflected in the strategy of innovative development of the subsectors of the agroindustrial complex of Russia for the period up to 2035.
Agriculture not only produces products, but also generates various side effects. Nobody pays for many of them, although they bring substantial benefits to the whole society and individual social groups. The scientific liter- ature refers to them as external effects (externalities) and public goods. Despite the fact that they are by-products of the main activity, it would be incorrect to put an equality sign between them, as in the first case their manufacturer does not receive any compensation, and in the second case payment takes place. However, this payment is not by direct consumers of public goods, but at the expense of budgetary funds or various public funds. The article argues the expe- diency and justifies the possibility of transferring the currently free positive externalities produced by the Russian agri- cultural sector into public goods for which farmers could receive special payment. The authors' classification of positive external effects of agriculture is presented.
The article is devoted to the technical and economic aspects of the efficiency of dairy cattle breeding in Russia. In the context of the availability of modern machinery and equipment, moral and physical deterioration of equip- ment, the authors consider the prospects for increasing milk production and the growth of dairy cattle. The structure of the technical potential of dairy cattle breeding as a set of means allowing to create optimal conditions for the maintenance, milking and feeding of dairy herds for the maximum realization of the genetic potential of animals is investigated. A com- parative assessment of the technological development of dairy cattle breeding in Russia and the leading countries in milk production is given. The role of the feed production system and the degree of its influence on the competitiveness of Russian milk producers are considered. The indicators of the dynamics of the provision of dairy cattle farming with agricultural machinery are studied both in quantitative and in value terms.
Over the past half century, there have been major changes in the structure of sown areas in Russia. The identification and analysis of the impact of the factors that caused these changes is important from the point of view of the possibilities of predicting these processes. A particularly important factor that will determine the development of domestic crop production in the future is the climatic factor. The dependence of changes in the structure of sown areas in the regions of our country on climate is considered in the article using the example of corn, which, unlike most cereals, is very sensitive to the natural and climatic parameters of its cultivation. Due to climate change, ideal conditions for growing corn may move further north in the future.
The economic agenda of modern Russia is based on solving problems in the field of socio-economic policy: launching a new investment cycle, improving the quality of GDP growth, ensuring the growth of real incomes of the population. The implementation of this economic agenda is significantly complicated by the current geopolitical situation, in which Russia has to revise the mechanisms of interaction with Western partners and reorient economic cooperation to the East. The basis for the implementation of such an economic agenda is the innovative policy of the state. However, there is almost no innovative infrastructure in Russia that would contribute to the development of inno- vative business. This problem is particularly acute in socially significant sectors of the economy, including the agricul- tural sector. In this regard, the development of new approaches and mechanisms for the formation of a new paradigm of innovative development of the agricultural sector of the Russian economy in constantly changing economic conditions becomes urgent.
The article discusses theoretical approaches to regulating the movement of capital and foreign direct investment in the agri-food sector. It is noted that there is a need to transform the system of procurement of agricultural products and the formation of its reserves to provide food to the population of individual countries. Especially during periods of natural disasters, an approach to stimulate the inflow of long-term capital in the form of foreign direct in- vestment and the formation of an integrated agro-food system in these states under the auspices of FAO. The author's vision of models of foreign direct investment, including in the agricultural and agri-food sectors, is presented. On the example of individual countries, the main economic instruments and mechanisms for stimulating foreign direct invest- ment in the economy are considered.
The article analyzes the flow of requirements for maintenance and repair, as well as the flow of technical failures of machines, for the considered cultural complexes. Mathematical model of the optimization problem for determining the optimal availability of repair and technical impacts on the units of technological complexes, taking into account the reliability indicators of the base and aggregated machines. The developed economic and mathematical model for optimizing the operation of machines for performing cultural work, which includes losses from unplanned downtime. The model can be used in the modernization of the repair and maintenance base and optimization of its technological equipment.
The purpose of the study is to study the processes of formation and determination of the optimal number of employees of a self-supporting team based on the application of the method of limit (marginal) analysis. The objective need to assess the key factors affecting the cost of agricultural production is being updated. It is shown that the increase in labor productivity of workers does not always determine the cost reduction in the production of agricultural products, which, in turn, can lead to a loss of price competitiveness of the products. In this regard, the authors of the article recommend that economic entities of the agrarian sector use theoretically substantiated and practice-tested methods of organizing the work of workers based on the principles of on-farm calculation of the late USSR, strict adherence to which is a guarantee of the stability of the functioning of enterprises in conditions of fierce competition. The regularities of changes in the results of labor (a dependent sign - the volume of agricultural production) with variations in the number of employees in a single team of agro-formation (as a factor sign) are considered. Within the framework of the study, the methodological and methodological aspects of increasing the price competitiveness of agricultural products in modern economic conditions were clarified on the example of agrarian formations of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The results of the content analysis of the dynamics of the efficiency of the development of dairy farming in the region are presented. Based on the use of the method of marginal analysis, an estimate is given of the ratio of labor costs and the cost of production with a change in the number of employees in the team. As priority measures for the effective development of economic entities, the authors propose to revive the practice of forming primary self-supporting teams with the optimal number of employees. It is summarized that the development of partnerships in the economic entities of the agrarian sector of the economy of the Republic of Bashkortostan is possible by optimizing the size of agricultural organizations and peasant (farm) organization specializing in growing and fattening young cattle, creating rental or inde- pendent teams that are optimal in terms of the number of employees for the production of agri-food products.
The article is devoted to the main areas of application of digital technologies in agriculture and the possibilities of their application in peasant farms and agricultural consumer cooperatives. For a model agricultural consumer cooperative, the Cropwise satellite monitoring system is considered. The introduction of this program reduces the cost of production, which entails an increase in the profits of farms and an increase in the efficiency of their activities. The cooperative business model has a significant potential to generate benefits in the application of digital technologies in peasant farms. One of the measures to support agricultural cooperatives and stimulate the digitalization of small businesses could be the implementation of regional projects with the participation of farmers and regional centers of competence in the field of agricultural cooperation and support for farmers, with the allocation of grants and subsidies to cooperatives for participants in the association.
The key factor in the development of the system of domestic agricultural production is to increase the efficiency of the use of available resources, and first of all, labor. Ensuring sustainable growth rates of labor productivity helps to increase the competitiveness of the agricultural industry, determines the level of production costs. President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin considers the problem of labor productivity to be one of the key ones in the country and considers it as a tool for improving the general level of the population's well-being. According to the president, labor productivity in the basic sectors of the economy should grow at a rate of at least 5% per year. Russian enterprises lag behind foreign competitors in terms of productivity, working the same amount, but producing 2-3 times less competitive products, which affects the profits.