Modern technologies for planting potatoes and other root crops offer a full range of work, including preparing fields for mechanized harvesting. Only such a technological approach can simplify the harvesting machines used and increase their productivity. The success of the harvest is also facilitated by the work of breeders to create varieties and hybrids that are most suitable for mechanized harvesting.
The article concerns the issues of future strategic development of the domestic agricultural machinery industry based on the cluster approach. The development of cluster organization in agricultural machinery industry gives an opportunity to provide agricultural producers with equipment and components more sustainably, as well as to increase the efficiency of related services. Examples of existing clusters in the appropriate field are demonstrated. Various forms of cluster formations based on the product, territorial (regional) and industry – based organizational approaches, as well as in the case of inter-cluster and multi-cluster interaction are analyzed. Various schematic models for future development of agricultural machinery industry focused on the domestic agricultural producers supply when various forms of cluster organization and cluster interactions functioning are proposed. It is proved that the most progressive form is the cluster functioning model according to the industry - based principle. An opportunity of introducing technical and technological complexes to cluster formations based on machine-technological station principle, but with the provision of a wider range of services, is shown.
The basis for sustainable dynamic economic development is the outstripping rates of investment. Despite a significant increase in agricultural production in 2022, the index of investment in fixed assets decreased in the face of external challenges and threats. In these circumstances, the issues of investment development, reducing investment risks and increasing investment potential, which will ultimately affect the investment attractiveness of the industry, become especially acute. The article deals with the issues of investment development of Russian agriculture in the context of the development of integration into the EAEU. The main trends in the development of investment activity in the agricultural sector of the economy in recent years are analyzed: volumes, directions, state support. Since the Russian Federation is an active member of the Eurasian Economic Union, it is advisable to compare the volumes, rates of investment development, its effectiveness with our closest neighbors: the Republic of Belarus and the Republic of Kazakhstan. For this purpose, the legal and regulatory framework for the development of investments in our countries has been analyzed, the main forms and mechanisms of state support for investment development have been identified, the volume of investments in fixed capital of agriculture per 1 employed in the industry and per 1 ha of sown land, the volume of production per 1-dollar investment.
The study is devoted to the actual problem of the implementation of the Federal Scientific and Technical Program for the Development of Agriculture for 2017-2030 (hereinafter – the FNTP). The high dependence of the domestic agricultural sector on imported technologies, sowing, planting and breeding material was noted. In the conditions of unprecedented external restrictions, agricultural producers faced an increase in prices for materials, seeds, technical means, which combined with the problem of overcoming sanctions, complicated logistics, as well as a decrease in effective demand within the country. The reasons for the slow recovery of the Russian breeding of agricultural plants and animals within the framework of the FNTP are revealed. The analysis of the implementation of the FNTP subprogram for the period from 2018 to 2022 has been carried out, according to which 26 complex scientific and technical projects are currently being implemented (hereinafter – KNTP): for potatoes – 19, sugar beet – 1, broilers – 5 and one project for beef cattle. The provision of seeds of the main agricultural crops for spring sowing in 2023 is shown, according to which the agricultural producers of the country were better supplied than in 2022. The main foreign companies in the market of agricultural seeds with varying degrees of localization on the territory of the country are noted. The need for an integrated approach to the implementation of the FNTP subprogram is justified – in addition to work on breeding achievements, measures for scientific support, as well as training and retraining of both scientific and industrial personnel are included. The sources of financing of the FNTP subprograms in 2021-2022 are considered. Additional regulatory and organizational and economic measures have been developed to accelerate the implementation of the innovative achievements of the Federal State Transport Fund in the real sector of the country's economy, which will reduce the dependence of domestic agricultural producers on foreign technologies in modern geopolitical conditions.
STATE REGULATION MARKET OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY IN RUSSIA
The earth is gradually warming, the climate is changing, the areas of fertile lands are increasing. Due to warming, natural disasters can occur. One of the reasons for climate change is the increase in the content of carbon dioxide in the air, which creates an invisible threat to the planet. Reducing the total emissions of greenhouse gases and food waste allows you to achieve the desired result. When growing crops, certain conditions must be observed. In case of non-compliance with the required conditions prescribed in the Prague protocol, it gives grounds for applying carbon dioxide taxes to negligent producers. One of the factors influencing the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture is the use of technologies and technological techniques in the cultivation of crops.
In the article, the authors have identified the forms of labor that have been formed historically in agriculture: physical labor, labor using mechanization and automation, intellectual labor, there is an analysis of approaches to defining the concept of intellectual labor. In our opinion, intellectual work is an employee's activity aimed at making managerial decisions, obtaining new knowledge in order to meet the needs of the enterprise. The purpose of the study was to highlight the peculiarities of the needs for digital skills among agricultural workers in Russia and the Republic of Belarus. System, statistical and intellectual analysis were used as the main methods. The authors identified the needs for digital skills among agricultural workers of the Republic of Belarus and Russia of the following professions: manager, veterinarian, sales consultant, animal technician, accountant, agronomist consultant; classification of digital competencies of agricultural specialists into basic and special. For vacancies of agricultural workers, the proposed wage levels and working hours are recognized. The types of software used for the training of specialists in economic specialties at the Belarusian State Agrotechnical University and Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, which are aimed at the formation of various types of demanded digital competencies, are considered.
The study deals with the means of promoting Russian agri-food products in foreign markets under sanctions. Various measures to support exporters are presented in the Russian national project «International Cooperation and Export», the goal of which is to achieve the target of ensuring by 2030 a real growth in exports of non-commodity non-energy goods by at least 70% compared to 2020 through the implementation of measures federal projects «Industrial export», «Export of agricultural products» and «Systemic measures for the development of international cooperation and exports». There are measures aimed at ensuring the access of Russian exporters of agri-food products to the markets of China, India and Vietnam. Despite the current situation, in 2022, Russian agro-industrial exports increased by 12 percent. Experts predict positive export dynamics in 2023.
Currently, the development of agricultural production is taking place in the face of increased foreign sanctions, an aggravation of the geopolitical situation. Despite the current situation, over the past decade, the industry has shown a steady positive trend, which makes it possible to meet the thresholds of the Food Security Doctrine for the main types of products. According to Rosstat, in 2021, the standards were not met for potatoes, milk, vegetables and melons, as well as fruits and berries. However, the results achieved are not enough to increase the volume of imports, develop rural areas and improve the level and quality of rural residents. For the Stavropol Territory, recognized in Russia as the leader of agar production, important tasks are not only to fully provide the population with products and food, but also to increase the volume of supplies of the main exported products - grain, poultry meat, sunflower oil. In 2021, the region took 1st place in the export of grain sorghum, 2nd place in poultry meat, and 4th place in milled products. The Stavropol Territory supplies agricultural products to 57 countries of the world (Azerbaijan, Said Arabia, China). The territorial structure of exports is highly concentrated: the Herfindahl-Hirschman index is 0.15 (the average value for Russia is 0,06).
The article considers the main indicators of food security of Russia, defined in the Doctrine of Food Security of the Russian Federation - physical and economic availability of food for the population of the country, as well as the state of quality and safety of food and agricultural raw materials. It is established that Russia lags behind economically developed countries in terms of ensuring food security, ranking 43rd in the international ranking. Some problems hindering the achievement of the level of food security identified in the Doctrine are considered – first of all, insufficient level of food consumption in low-income families, low physical availability of food in remote areas of Russia. It is noted that in terms of food quality and safety, Russia is approaching the leaders of the world ranking. To further improve the quality and safety of products, first of all, improvement of product quality control is required – the widespread introduction of product quality control «from the field to the consumer», improvement of measures to combat counterfeit products.