The work is devoted to the problems of assessing the economic efficiency of the functioning of the market of nuts and their processed products. In a market economy, there are different economic interests in the production, processing and distribution of nuts and their processed products at all stages of commodity movement (manufacturers, industrial processing organizations, wholesale and retail trade, retailers and others). Despite the fact that the effectiveness of individual market segments should be summed up and comparable with the industry, often comparing the indicators of individual organizations participating in the market with the integral indicators of the sub-sector leads to contradictory conclusions. In this regard, the author proposes a system of criteria for step-by-step calculation of economic efficiency both at the level of the industry and individual market participants based on a differentiated approach. The basic indicators of economic efficiency assessment (profitability, gross income, profit) are proposed to be adjusted by criteria reflecting the specifics of economic activity at a particular stage of the commodity distribution chain. The author gives recommendations on assessing the effectiveness of the use of production potential, in particular fixed assets and labor resources, considering industry specifics.
In the domestic and foreign scientific literature, there is a wide discussion regarding the indicators for assessing the physical availability of food. At the same time, it should be understood that the main goal of assessing the physical availability of food is to obtain objective information about the availability of retail, public catering and transport accessibility. The purpose of this study is to substantiate the system of indicators characterizing the physical availability of food at the national level and to develop a methodological approach to the formation of an integral index of the physical availability of food for the population of Russia. The need to develop such an indicator is due to the heterogeneity of the indicators used for evaluation, the lack of aggregate and intermediate integral indicators that characterize the level of physical availability of food. It is possible that the development of an integral indicator for assessing the physical availability of food at the national level will become the basis for comparing the Russian indicator with foreign ones. The study attempted to form a cumulative integral index characterizing the level of physical availability of food, which in turn consists of integral indices of the availability and provision of retail and public catering facilities, and transport accessibility. In turn, these indices consist of sub-indices calculated using the proposed methodological approach based on publicly available statistical indicators and having a logical connection with them. The proposed methodological approach is based on the use of the method of the sum of weighted arithmetic mean group indicators, the use of which is justified in this study. The proposed methodological approach has been tested by calculations that have a logical connection with the actual indicators of Rosstat, which characterize the level of physical availability of food.
Disease outbreaks and global pandemics pose the greatest threat to humanity and the sustainability of global economic development. In 2019, the world faced a pandemic caused by the coronavirus (COVID-19). Given the extraordinary nature of the situation associated with the need to overcome the consequences of the pandemic, Governments have taken measures to support both the population and the economy of their countries as a whole. The main measures limiting the spread of the virus included social distancing, self-isolation of the population and travel restrictions. All these measures to combat the pandemic have had a significant impact on the main sectors of the economy, including the agricultural sector. Agriculture is the most important sector of the economy that ensures the country's food security. Social and economic constraints during the COVID-19 pandemic created disruptions in the food supply chain on the world market, leading to disruption in the production and distribution of agri-food products, exacerbating the shortage of labor and resources. As part of the implementation of measures to overcome the consequences of the pandemic, countries provided state support to producers of agri-food products, a number of countries imposed restrictions on food exports in order to support domestic producers. The article examines the effects of the COVID-19 virus on food systems, provides mechanisms of state support for producers of agri-food products during the coronavirus pandemic. The assessment of the state of the Russian agricultural sector in the conditions of a pandemic is given, the measures taken by the government to protect domestic agriculture in the conditions of COVID-19 are considered. Special attention is paid to the mechanisms of state support of agriculture in different countries of the world. The crisis associated with overcoming the consequences of the pandemic proved the need for additional measures of state support for the agricultural sector, including through direct financing of producers of agricultural products
The stable price system is one of the key aspects of ensuring the balanced development of the agricultural sector and increasing its investment attractiveness. The profitability of agricultural production and the possibility of increasing the volume of investment resources depends on the emerging level of prices for agricultural products and the price ratio between different areas of agriculture. In addition, the level of food inflation and the dynamics of real disposable incomes of the population also have an impact on the stable functioning of the agri-food market and on the volume of additional revenue of producers. This article analyzes the key price factors that influence the investment attractiveness of the agricultural sector of the economy. In recent years, as a result of the global crisis caused by the pandemic, as well as the aggravated geopolitical situation in 2022 and the sanctions pressure on the domestic economy, there have been significant price fluctuations in various areas of agriculture and the consumer market. The author notes that in recent years there has been an increase in price disparity between agriculture and other branches of the agro-industrial complex, faster growth rates of agricultural organizations' costs and changes in their structure in terms of increasing costs for material means of production, as well as the decrease in the share of agricultural producers in the structure of retail prices for certain types of products. The article analyzes the price situation in the agro-food market of the regions of the Russia in the period 2017-2022. The author has compiled the rating of the country's regions based on the calculation of the parity ratio of prices of agricultural producers with other branches of the agro-industrial complex and consumer prices for food. The article also identifies the main negative trends in the system of prices and price relations in the agro-industrial complex and suggests the main measures to ensure a stable price situation in the agro-food market
The article explores the modern development strategy of the European Union (EU) for implementing innovations in agriculture. The structure of the EU's innovation system is analyzed at both macro and micro levels. Special attention is given to the role of the micro level, where farmers, universities, research institutes, companies, and other stakeholders actively participate. The study demonstrates that collaborative interaction and coordination among participants at the micro level are key factors for successful implementation of innovations in EU agriculture
The issues of attracting investments are the main ones in the socio-economic development of regions, territories and economic entities in the existing market realities. The development of the modern economy, due to the use of new information technologies, on the one hand, open up new opportunities for investment, on the other – increase risks, which determines the need to assess the investment climate and investment attractiveness of regions and industries as investment objects to a greater extent. The article discusses methodological approaches to assessing the investment attractiveness of agriculture in the regions of Russia, based on foreign and domestic experience.
The article is devoted to the study of the experience of organizing the provision of agricultural machinery to agricultural producers and its maintenance in the EAEU countries that produce agricultural machinery on their territory and are ahead of Russia in providing agricultural producers with certain types of equipment. Such countries are the Republics of Belarus and Kazakhstan, and their experience can be useful for improving the organization of providing agricultural producers with equipment and its service in Russia. The article presents the following data on the Republics of Belarus and Kazakhstan: the availability of agricultural machinery production on the territory of the republics and dependence on the supply of imported agricultural machinery; the provision of agricultural producers of the republics with machinery and state support provided in order to increase the availability of such agricultural machinery; the level of organization of service aimed at ensuring the operability of agricultural machinery in these republics; types of inter-farm use of agricultural machinery in the republics. As a result of the analysis and expert assessment of the organization of providing agricultural producers with machinery and its maintenance in the Republics of Belarus and Kazakhstan, the main directions of solving these problems in Russia have been identified, taking into account the experience of these republics.
The article focuses on the insufficient consumption of food by the population with low incomes in comparison with rational norms and the average Russian level. The main components of food security have been clarified, which include physical and economic accessibility, as well as the quality of food. The level of criteria for food security of the Russia actually achieved in 2021 is indicated. The volume of consumption of basic foodstuffs by the poor population is compared with rational norms and with the average level in Russia in 2021. During the ten-year period of research (2011-2021), there was an increase in consumption for individual products in the local markets of the regions of the Central Black Earth Region and in the whole of the Russian Federation. The consumption of basic foodstuffs during the pandemic (2019-2021) was analyzed, the difference in consumption levels on average in the Russia and in certain regions of the Central Black Earth Region was noted. A comparative assessment of the structure of energy value and composition of nutrients in the products of the poor population group in 2011 and 2021 is presented. Based on the comparative analysis of the structure of expenditures of the poor population group on food and the average Russian, a general conclusion is made about their comparability, while there are discrepancies in individual products. The list of the main measures to improve the food supply of the population with incomes below the poverty line is presented
The study is devoted to the economic assessment of the impact of the transformation of the global agri-food market and sanctions pressure on the material and technical support of agriculture in Russia in the context of industries and sub-sectors. The authors investigated the dynamics of maintenance and repair costs over the past 5 years and identified specific features of the impact of market conditions on the crop and livestock industries. Analysis of the cost of spare parts per 1 hectare of crops allowed us to determine the periods of the highest growth rate and identify the factors that determine the origin of these extremes. A differentiated assessment of the costs of technical service of the machine and tractor fleet in crop production in the context of crops has been carried out and the main specific trends in each direction of the agricultural business have been identified. In addition, the dynamics of maintenance and repair costs in the main sub-sectors of animal husbandry is estimated
The specialization of different categories of farms is an important factor in their development, however, this area of research in its significance remains secondary. The assumption that producers prefer the most profitable types of products implies that the highest-income households should specialize in the products of the most profitable industries. In this regard, it is important to assess the specialization of the selected categories of farms (peasant (farm) households and agricultural organizations) in the context of the income they receive. The analysis showed that these are the branches of livestock products, in the production of which mainly agricultural organizations specialize. Entry into these markets is limited by a higher labor and capital intensity, compared with the production of crop products. Potential market participants in this case require, on the one hand, a sufficiently high amount of investment to enter the market, and, on the other hand, the possibility of using economies of scale, which allows further reduction of production costs. The study confirmed that in agricultural organizations there are more favorable conditions for reducing costs due to economies of scale and, as a result, better conditions are formed for increasing production volumes in a more efficient livestock production sector