Global challenges in the field of food and biological security have led to the obvious need for the formation of a new type of agriculture, consistent with the principles of sustainable development. One of the factors of sustainable development of all sectors of the economy, including agriculture, is the digitalization. However, the formation of the digital economy is a complex and contradictory process. A prerequisite for achieving "digital maturity" in the field of agriculture is to increase the digital literacy of employees of agro-industrial enterprises.
This study is devoted to the issues of regulatory and technical regulation of the production of organic dairy products in Russia. The authors pay much attention to the specifics of controlling the production of dairy products and its subsequent certification as organic. In the context of the system of existing norms and technical conditions for the production of milk and dairy products, the possibility of producing organic products without violating international requirements and following the philosophy of organic agriculture is investigated. In particular, the problem of heat treatment, as well as the use of various food additives and compliance of the resulting final dairy products with international standards are considered. The potential of the development of organic dairy cattle breeding in Russia in modern conditions is investigated.
In the modern world, global processes of depletion of the world's natural resources are taking place, the rates of use of aquatic biological resources have long outstripped the rates of their reproduction and natural growth. The relevance of the study is the state of aquatic biological resources and their availability is a priority at the global and regional levels. The purpose of the research is to reveal the current level of development of the Russian fisheries, to study the problems of the domestic fishing and fish farming industry, to reveal the prospects for the development of innovations and new technologies in the development of aquaculture volumes of the Russian Federation. The author's team in the study set the solution of the main task – to analyze the importance of the development of new technologies in increasing the volume of aquaculture in the fisheries complex of Russia as a driver of food security of the population of the Russian Federation. The methodology of the research conducted by the author is based on general scientific methods of cognition: analysis and synthesis, historical and comparative methods, as well as mathematical and statistical methods of study. Conclusions. The conducted studies of the state and development of the Russian fisheries complex allowed us to determine the role and importance of fishing and fish farming in the system of food security of the population, as well as to identify a number of the most important modern problems of the industry. The main factors and conditions for the effective development of fisheries in Russia are the modernization of the fleet, state support and investment, the creation of new innovative and the use of existing technologies, the development of aquaculture volumes, the implementation of purposeful joint activities of government bodies, fish production, trade and the scientific sphere.
The relevance of substantiating the size of grain production in the biological system of agriculture is due to the need to increase the efficiency of grain production. Since 2015, the gross production of grain and leguminous crops in Russian agricultural organizations has increased by 30.9%. The main factors limiting the trend in the growth of grain production are outdated technologies and domestic selection lagging behind world achievements in this area. The impact of technology on the grain yield, according to experts, is approximately 60%, so the improvement of the technology of growing grain should be given priority. This will increase the export potential for grain and products of its processing. To increase the efficiency of grain production and increase the volume of their production, it is necessary to use the possibilities of alternative technologies, among which the biological system occupies an important place. This farming system is actively used in the developed countries of the world: the USA, France, Germany, Sweden, Denmark. Its implementation involves a more efficient use of land, maintaining and increasing the natural fertility of the soil. A serious advantage of this technology is a significant reduction in costs due to a change in the concept of tillage, which makes it possible to reduce capital investments in fixed assets by 25-30%. To build a cost-effective biological farming system within a particular agricultural organization, it is necessary, first of all, to determine the boundaries of production efficiency, which consist in the most optimal ratio of the profitability of grain production and the size of agricultural organizations, the level of concentration under grain crops, grain yield, specific the cost of their production. Unfortunately, until now, the issues of the efficiency of using the biological farming system, including those devoted to substantiating the optimal size of the production of grain crops in the biological farming system, have not been widely considered in scientific publications. The relevance of this study is due to the need to identify and solve theoretical, methodological and practical issues related to the justification of the optimal size of the production of grain crops in the system of biological farming.
The livestock industry, along with other agricultural markets, shows a positive trend in production. The development of the meat market is impossible without the balanced development of all its subjects. The main subject of the meat market are producers of meat raw materials. The increase in production was essential for the further utilization of processing capacity and for meeting the needs of the population for such a strategically important food product for human life as meat. Pork is in second place among the meat consumed by Russians. The work is devoted to the analysis of the modern conditions of the domestic pork market. The article contains a comprehensive analysis of the pig breeding industry. First of all, the authors grouped the main indicators of the domestic pork market, which are its guidelines for the medium term. The shares of the top 10 pork producing regions in the Russian Federation in 2020 are displayed. The following trends are stated: the growth of the market volume and per capita consumption of pork, an increase in the level of self-sufficiency of pork, an increase in the volume of pork exports, a decrease in pork imports, high volatility in pork prices, an increase in the cost of compound feed. It is noted that an important reserve for saturation of the meat and meat products market is the optimization of the territorial and sectoral placement of meat processing enterprises, the strengthening of the feed base, and the improvement of genetic potential.
This article provides a brief overview of the main modern models that can be used to assess the impact of climate change on the agricultural sector of the economy, carbon emissions from agricultural activities and develop strategies for adapting food production to global climate change and moving towards carbon neutrality in agri-food systems. Models are classified according to the most important factors for choosing the optimal formulation of the model problem.
The purpose of the presented study was a scientific assessment of the ongoing climatic phenomena and their impact on agriculture. The conceptual novelty of the study is determined by the details of climate change on the example of agricultural production sectors of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The results of this study can be used methodically in the formation of long-term strategic plans and forecasts for the development of agricultural production industries. The main results of the study include: generalization of the world experience of scientific research on climate change; consideration of factors of intensification of adaptive agriculture in the conditions of climatic and weather anomalies.
This article outlines the author's concept of conducting an analytical study of indicators of the effectiveness of the use of labor potential. The calculation and assessment of labor productivity indicators in the grain economy of the Orel region was carried out based on the available information base presented in the annual financial statements of the Department of Agriculture of the region for 2010-2020. The dynamics of direct, private and auxiliary indicators of labor productivity is presented. The expediency of using gross value added to calculate the efficiency of labor use in grain farming is substantiated, which is explained by its structural components, namely, the formation of value added by the distribution method, i.e. by adding three elements (remuneration with social contributions, depreciation, financial result), a separate study of which will reveal the contribution of each of them in the final formation of value added, and, accordingly, determine the change in labor productivity due to these factors in dynamics.
To solve the main problems related to ensuring the food security of the country requires a thorough assessment of the trends in agricultural production in the main producing regions. The trend in the consumption of meat and meat products in Russia is quite heterogeneous across regions, which is due to various reasons. But one of the ways to solve this problem is to ensure the availability of products not only from the standpoint of production volumes, but also the price component. From this position, it is advisable to monitor production trends not only with a quantitative component, but also with an economic one. Pig products are classified as meat products, the main producers of which are concentrated mainly in the Central Chernozem region, of which the Belgorod region is a part. One of the features of this region is the dominance of integrated formations in the agricultural sector of the economy. Undoubtedly, these enterprises have advantages in terms of the ability to "survive" in a competitive environment through the use of innovative approaches from a technological point of view. But at the same time, medium and small agricultural enterprises of a pig-breeding orientation, which are the subjects of agricultural production in the region, cannot be ignored. Evaluation of the efficiency of pig production at enterprises of different sizes makes it possible to determine the trends in the institutional structure in this sector of the region, which is important for the agrarian policy of the country as a whole.
The article introduces the concept of food inflation spread, which is equal to the difference between the increase in food prices and inflation. Based on the division of 152 countries into 4 regions (Europe, Asia, America, Africa), the article examines the differences in the values of the average annual spread of food inflation for the period from 2005 to 2020. The article shows that in most Asian, American and African countries, the food inflation spread was positive. In most European countries, the food inflation spread ranged from -0.5 to 0.5 percentage points. In most of the major developed countries of Europe and America, the spread of food inflation is also close to zero. The results show that in more than half of the countries of Asia, Africa and America, the spread of food inflation was above 0.5 percentage points, which over the period from 2005 to 2020 led to an increase in the price of food relative to the general consumer price index by more than 8%.