The presented study examines the features of implementing state support for the use of mineral fertilizers on a global scale. The results show that, firstly, the tools for its provision are presented by both direct and indirect methods. Secondly, the set of specific tools is quite wide. The most popular methods of state policy to increase the use of fertilizers are providing subsidies to farmers for the purchase and use of fertilizers, preferential lending programs, the use of export and import restrictions, and tax incentive tools. Such measures are especially popular in developing countries with a large share of rural population and a significant contribution of the agricultural sector to the country's gross domestic product. The mechanism of direct support for the use of fertilizers is also quite common among developed economies of the world. An exception is direct subsidizing of fertilizers. Indirect support measures are represented by systems for informing about fertilizer prices, information, consulting and educational services, national reserve funds, state participation in the development of the relevant infrastructure and other tools. An assessment is given of the amount of state support for farmers in terms of the use of mineral fertilizers in OECD countries. The conclusion is substantiated that in the future we should expect further transformation of the forms, methods, types and instruments of its implementation.
The high level of interconnection and interdependence of world markets, as well as the increasing intensity of restrictive measures in the system of international relations increases the relevance of research into the problems of food sovereignty, proactive approach to the development and implementation of public policies in the field of food security. The practice in the field of food security as a result of the political process of formalization of national interest is based both on the subjective in nature processes of transformation of public needs into state needs, and on the results of research on the relationship between the right to food of an individual and the sustainability of socio-economic systems (from municipal to international level), national security. In this relationship, the problem field of research on the issues of food security of the state is formed: in the argumentation of the vectors of influence of the satisfaction of the need for food on the interests of social groups and the state, in the illustration of changes in the conjuncture of national interests under the influence of global trends. The methodological basis of the study is the dialectical method of scientific cognition, systematic approach, historical and legal method, logical (methods of analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction) and other theoretical methods. The purpose of the study is to specify the place of the concept of food security in the triad of interests “individual-society-state” in the context of functional areas of ensuring national security as a key function of the state. The paper substantiates the separation of the political-legal category of food security and the socio-economic category of food security of the population. By analyzing and synthesizing the results of previous studies, the author defines the role of food security in the system of needs of individuals / households, social groups (including corporate structures), the state represented by the subjects vested with authority.
The purpose of this study is a comprehensive quantitative assessment of scientific and technological policy in the agricultural sector of the economy and the formation of proposals for its improvement. The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that the most vulnerable link in the food security system is technical and technological sovereignty determined by the ongoing scientific and technological policy. Changes in the implemented scientific and technological policy should primarily be focused on the implementation of a seamless platform for the creation and implementation of domestic innovations, as well as stimulating and state support for their implementation. Special attention should be paid to small businesses operating in rural areas. At the same time, it is important not only to increase the share of domestic high-tech goods, the revenue of small technology companies, but also the volume of production in the agro-industrial complex by 2030. The paper attempts to comprehensively assess scientific and innovative activities in agriculture, which showed unstable dynamics of development due to insufficiently effective organizational and economic mechanisms for the implementation of scientific and technological policy.
This paper tells about the place of food industry in food security of Russia and Belarus. It contains an analysis of food production, also the main features and differences characterizing the food industry in each of the countries are highlighted, and recommendations are given for further areas of work. It is noted that in the countries of the Union State, the volume of food production reaches a sufficient level to ensure food security, therefore, there are prerequisites for the emergence of other priorities for development, the introduction of innovations, ensuring a significant acceleration of the pace of development and the full use of the food potential of the countries.
In modern conditions of political and economic instability, the issue of ensuring food security for Russia and Belarus, which are members of the Union State (SG), is of paramount importance. The desire of Western countries to weaken the economy of the SG, isolate it from the world community through the application of numerous sanctions directed both directly against Russia and Belarus, but also indirectly concerning friendly countries, causes the need to strengthen and strengthen cooperation between the SG and other integration associations. Currently, the closest cooperation is carried out with such organizations as BRICS, SCO, EAEU, CIS. Among the participants of such associations as the BRICS and the SCO are countries that currently represent large developing economies, in particular Brazil, India, China, and Russia. Their production of agricultural products and food makes up a significant proportion of the world level. The effective development of the economies of the countries included in these integration associations attracts other states, as evidenced by the acceptance of more and more members in them. In 2024 Egypt, Iran, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia and Ethiopia joined the BRICS, consolidating the BRICS+ format, and Belarus joined the ranks of the SCO. The SG countries are members of the EAEU and the CIS, unions in which food security is given increasing importance, and documents are being developed to strengthen it at the collective level. Deepening and expanding the interaction of countries, as well as integration associations, is becoming increasingly important, since it is quite difficult to resist the escalating competition in international food markets alone, and this process is becoming vital for Russia and Belarus in the conditions of Western sanctions.
The aim of the study was to systematize methodological approaches to forecasting the development of agro-food economic systems and substantiate the directions of their development based on the use of artificial neural networks. The authors delineated the concepts of "forecasting" and "foresight", highlighted the signs in which a statement about the future can be called a forecast, clarified the universal principles of research on economic systems, formulated specific principles of forecasting, including the principles of: purposefulness, accuracy (adequacy), relevance, certainty, interpretability, flexibility, alternative and cost-effectiveness. Intuitive and formalized forecasting methods are systematized, and the place of artificial neural networks in this system is justified. The advantages and disadvantages of using traditional formalized methods and artificial neural networks for forecasting the development of agro-food economic systems are considered in detail, the expediency of their use in terms of compliance with the principles of forecasting is substantiated. The basic provisions of the organization of the forecasting process based on the deployment of artificial neural networks are formulated, practical aspects of the possibility of using a mathematical algorithm for modeling the development of agri-food systems are considered, as well as conditions for improving information infrastructure in order to ensure the availability of data and technologies for their processing.
The current economic and geopolitical situation has led to changes in the formation and implementation of educational policy and actualized the problems of functioning of higher education organizations of different industries, resulting in changes in their competitive positions. This process is especially important for agrarian universities that train personnel for the agro-industrial complex in the context of the need to strengthen food security. The aim of the article is to develop and test the methodology for assessing the competitiveness of agrarian universities. The authors based on the study of the essence of competitiveness of higher education organization proposed an approach to the definition, where the key components are the implementation of activities on educational programs of higher education and research activities. Scientific-methodological and normative-legal methodological approaches to the assessment of competitiveness of higher education organizations are generalized. Thanks to this generalization, 6 blocks of indicators of competitiveness assessment were defined, the conceptual scheme of the author's approach to competitiveness assessment was proposed. According to the authors, the analysis of the essence of competitiveness of an agrarian university and the formation of a comprehensive system of its assessment contributes to the development of the territory within which the university operates, the agro-industrial complex and the economy of the country as a whole, offering quality educational services, training highly qualified specialists and scientific results that contribute to the further development of the agro-industrial complex and food security. The author's evaluation methodology was tested on the example of the research polygon, including agrarian universities located in the Ural Federal District: Ural State Agrarian University (UrSAU); South Ural State Agrarian University (SUSU); State Agrarian University of the Northern Trans-Urals; Kurgan State Agricultural Academy named after T.S. Maltsev - a branch of the federal state budgetary educational institution of higher education “Kurgan State University of Agrarian Sciences”. These educational institutions were analyzed on the basis of indicators in 6 blocks: educational, scientific, personnel, international, financial and economic, infrastructural, as a result of which the integral index of competitiveness was formed and the ranking of agrarian universities by this criterion was presented.
The article examines the organizational mechanism of the development of the agricultural sector of the economy under the conditions of sanctions pressure, which is especially important at the present stage, as the necessary prerequisites for fundamental transformations and transformation of the organizational mechanism and its reflecting institutions are being formed. The organizational mechanism is a complex system of institutions, regulatory norms, regulations and rules aimed at ensuring expanded reproduction on an innovative basis in the system of spatial development of rural areas, ensuring the achievement of food security and food independence of the country, but the crisis phenomena predetermined not only economic losses, but also created conditions for the transition to economic growth, to identify new opportunities for business and its interaction with the state, in addition, The current mechanism of the agro-industrial complex can act as a kind of "brake" for the further development of agriculture, since it is not aimed at ensuring expanded reproduction in the system of spatial development of rural areas.
The article updates the role and strategic importance of digital and innovative technologies that are currently effectively used in the production of milk and dairy products. It is shown that digitalization determines an increase in the level of economic efficiency of production and economic activities of agricultural organizations, a reduction in the negative environmental impact of dairy production on the environment and allows optimizing the adoption of real management decisions in dairy farming. The authors carried out a content analysis of modern digital developments and innovations that are effectively used abroad by farmers in the production of milk and dairy products. Using the example of individual countries, technological and digital innovations used in dairy farming are examined in detail. The advantages of introducing digital technologies in achieving environmental sustainability, increasing the level of economic efficiency and realizing the technological potential of the dairy industry are highlighted. The key problems of digitalization of foreign dairy farms are identified, which are directly related to significant amounts of capital costs and investments used for the introduction of innovations, training of specialists with relevant digital competencies, integration of new digital technologies with existing agricultural production computer systems. It is summarized that in our country the transition to digital dairy farming requires the use of an integrated approach based on taking into account successful international experience in this area and the implementation of systemic measures for technological updating, the introduction of educational initiatives in the field of the digital economy and the development of innovative infrastructure in the dairy industry.
The article discusses the creation of a comprehensive system of indicators for assessing the sustainable development of agriculture, taking into account the indicators of traditional types of agricultural production for the northern regions. Unlike the central regions, agriculture in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) significantly depends on natural conditions, cultural characteristics and socio-economic factors. The proposed system includes both quantitative and qualitative indicators reflecting the specifics of traditional agriculture and animal husbandry, covering aspects of ecosystem sustainability, preservation of cultural heritage and adaptation to climate change.