The 2022 sanctions affected the global food market and directly affected the Russian agro-industrial complex and the grain market. The purpose of the study is to analyze the current state of the world grain market, as well as the situation on the market in Russia, as one of the leaders in the production of grain crops. Sanctions also affected the US and EU countries, which is reflected in the growth in the cost of imports and the aggravation of price disparity. The insufficient development of the grain market is caused by the state of organizational and economic relations in the general world system. A set of measures has been formulated in relation to the negative impact of sanctions on the grain market, as well as the need for an export-oriented policy in Russia. Based on this, it seems relevant to develop directions for the development and improvement of the efficiency of the grain market as an important part of the agro-industrial complex of Russia, the development of which determines the stability of the economy and the food security of the state
The article is devoted to the problems of increasing the volume of production of agricultural products and products of its processing, the development of exports, the reduction of import dependence in order to ensure the food security of the country. The study was conducted on the example of the grain market, in particular, wheat. The main trends in the development of the industry over the past 33 years have been identified: a significant increase in production, a significant decrease in the volume of industrial processing of grain, as well as a decline in domestic consumption, a twenty-fold increase in exports, in connection with this, a high profitability of grain sales, a significant level of self-sufficiency in grain. The main directions of wheat export are characterized with justification of the most promising of them. A negative trend in Russian grain exports is their focus on raw materials, when the vast majority of exports are grain. At the same time, a significant import dependence on products of deep grain processing was revealed: amino acids, inulins, gluten and others. Proposals have been formulated to increase the deep processing of grain. It is substantiated that the balanced development of agri-food markets and ensuring food security is possible on the basis of increasing the volume of agricultural production and its processing, including deep processing, expanding export supplies, and increasing real incomes of the population
In modern conditions, the country's food security is of particular relevance and is a priority of agricultural policy. The assessment of the state of food security requires the need to develop a system of criteria both at the national and regional levels. One of the most important factors that can affect food security is the availability of food. There are two types of food availability - physical and economic. The article proposes a system of indicators of the physical availability of food, which makes it possible to assess the social efficiency of regional agro-food systems in the process of low-carbon transformation. Based on this system of criteria, the integral ratings of the APS of the regions in 2015 and 2020 were calculated in terms of the level of physical availability of food and self-sufficiency of the regions. The social efficiency and sustainability of the regional APS of Russia is analyzed
In the context of geopolitical tensions, the application of international economic sanctions and discussions about their effectiveness and impact on food security are at the epicenter of international politics. The problem of assessing the degree of vulnerability of the economies of countries to which sanctions were previously applied and are currently in force, including in relation to Russia, has recently acquired particular relevance. The United States continues to actively use sanctions and trade embargoes in international relations and pressure on many countries, including socialist ones. China and Cuba are under the influence of US sanctions pressure, which has had an impact on ensuring the food security of these states. Mainly financial and trade sanctions were imposed on China by the United States, and a multi-year trade and economic embargo is applied against Cuba. In relation to Cuba as a "rogue state", the United States has been implementing a policy of strict international isolation for more than 60 years. Taking into account the varying degrees of sanctions pressure exerted on countries and the conditions for the development of the agricultural sector, China demonstrates successful counteraction to US sanctions pressure and steady growth in economic indicators, Cuba, on the contrary, applies measures to adapt to economic sanctions, the country's economy is extremely vulnerable to a tightening of the embargo. The article examines alternative measures and the results of countering sanctions in both countries, China's anti-sanctions measures have shown the greatest effectiveness. Currently, in the context of increasing sanctions pressure on Russia, the experience of Cuba as the country most affected by US sanctions and its measures to ensure food security in these conditions is of great interest
The peculiarity of the current stage of reforming the agro-industrial complex and the transition to digital technologies is associated with the increasing role of forecasting and planning at the level of agricultural enterprises. In the context of the need for import substitution, agricultural enterprises should effectively use production factors and, using various planning methods, justify their development prospects taking into account regional and zonal differences in the system of agriculture. On the example of enterprises of the Ukholovsky district of the Ryazan region, which are part of the Southern natural and economic zone of the region, a study of the current level of management was conducted, the most common production type of agricultural enterprise was identified and the main economic indicators were planned for it, ensuring reproduction and more successful development within the established grain and dairy specialization
TRENDS AND SUSTAINABILITY FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION IN THE REGION
The article the influence of a hybrid, a background of mineral nutrition, non-root top dressing with various preparations on the productivity and economic efficiency of the production of green and dry mass of corn. It is shown that in the conditions of the North-East of the Central Non-Chernozem region, modern domestic corn hybrids – «Ross 199 MV» and «Voronezh 158 SV» are able to form yields on an organic background with an efficiency of 2.5% – 65 t/ha of green mass with ears in milk-wax ripeness. The most economically profitable is the cultivation of the «Voronezh 158 SV» hybrid against the background of the introduction of 80 t/ha of manure + N80 with the use of foliar fertilization with complex fertilizer Aquarin 5, which provided the highest conditional net income (104.4 thousand rubles/ha), a higher level of profitability of production – 144.6%, the lowest cost of feed – 1041 rubles./t
The article reveals the features of rural employment that need to be taken into account when working on strategy for the development of the rural labor market. The authors have made a comparative analysis of the state and trends in the urban and rural labor markets for 2010-2022, defining a significant decrease in the level of employment both in the city and in the countryside due to a sharp deterioration in the situation with youth employment, especially in rural areas, and an increase in inter-settlement disproportions in the Russian labor market. Despite a certain trend on diversification the sectoral structure of employment of the rural population retains a single-industry character. An assessment of the dynamics of the ratio of supply and demand in the rural labor market indicating a positive trend, but still maintaining a large gap between the number of rural unemployed, recorded according to the ILO methodology, and the number of vacancies declared by employers in rural areas. Developing the strategy for diversifying the rural economy and creating jobs in alternative activities it is need to take into account the effect of two multi-vector factors that determine the need for the labor force of the agriculture: on the one hand, innovative processes in the industry, its technical and technological modernization, leading to a reduction in the need in living labor; on the other hand, restoration and extensive processes (involvement in the economic circulation of abandoned vacant lands, expansion of work to improve soil fertility, etc.), requiring the creation of new jobs. In conclusion, there were formulated measures to increase the productive employment of the rural population by stimulating the development of alternative activities, increasing the profitability of labor in rural areas, increasing state support for the youth sector of the rural labor market and other organizational and economic mechanisms
Farms play an important role in the development of agriculture and rural areas: by producing agricultural products, farmers contribute to the saturation of the consumer market with food; farms are also a form of social protection for the rural population. As part of the implementation of agricultural policy measures, interest in peasant farms is growing due to their growing share in the structure of agricultural production. In order to analyze and justify support measures, a typology of C(F)H and IP is required, which implies the division of this category of farms into several homogeneous groups. In the proposed study, on the basis of summarizing the results of scientific research and practical experience, an approach was developed to classify C(F)H and IP, as well as an analysis of the medium-term dynamics of this category of farms based on the data of the All-Union Agricultural Program – 2016 and the 2021 microcensus
Modern technologies for planting potatoes and other root crops offer a full range of work, including preparing fields for mechanized harvesting. Only such a technological approach can simplify the harvesting machines used and increase their productivity. The success of the harvest is also facilitated by the work of breeders to create varieties and hybrids that are most suitable for mechanized harvesting.