The article discusses approaches to improving the efficiency of domestic horticulture and plant nursery based on the activation of innovative activities. The current problems in the industry have been identified. An economic analysis of the state of the horticulture and nursery industry in Russia and the Krasnodar Territory has been carried out. The analysis of the level of consumption and self-sufficiency of fruits and berries of the Russian population is presented, and the dependence of gross harvest on yield and area on farms of the Krasnodar Territory is constructed. The main factors of effective gardening are grouped, the main types of innovations in gardening and nursery management are considered, as well as approaches to the introduction of innovations in gardening based on digital technologies. The role and importance of forms of state support for agricultural enterprises are determined, the target indicators of the Subprogram "Development of horticulture and plant nursery in the Russian Federation" of the Federal Scientific and Technical Program for the Development of Agriculture for 2017-2030 are reflected. Organizational and economic proposals have been developed to improve innovative processes in the horticulture and nursery industry, taking into account modern economic conditions.
The article discusses the issues of effective development of the fruit subcomplex, taking into account the conditions and possibilities of territorial localization. From the standpoint of a systematic approach, the attributive properties of the economic space are highlighted. It is determined that the spatial development of the fruit subcomplex is associated with the implementation of the following principles: achieving food security of the country in terms of fruit and berry products; ensuring the full and effective use of the bioclimatic and production potentials of territories with the most favorable natural conditions for the development of industrial horticulture; a differentiated approach to the main directions and measures of state support for the spatial development of horticultural regions and fruit subcomplex enterprises; a comprehensive solution to rural issues.
The article assesses the current state of potato growing in Russia. The reasons that do not allow providing potatoes to the population of the country have been identified. To ensure food security, it is necessary to eliminate the imbalances that have arisen in the structure of the potato production subcomplex, restore domestic seed production, significantly increase the capacity of potato storages, increase the production of potato products, develop agro-contracting in the potato production subcomplex of the country.
The article is devoted to the analysis of the ongoing climate warming, its causes and opportunities to mitigate these changes through the digitalization of agri-food systems. In this paper, based on an analysis of the recently created legislative and regulatory framework governing greenhouse gas emissions, strategic planning documents that determine ways to reduce these emissions, and statistical data contained in the National Inventory of Anthropogenic Emissions, the expediency of using agro-expert systems in solving the problem of designing agri-food systems is substantiated. with a low carbon footprint. A general description of agro-expert systems is given and a modification of these systems is proposed, which allows estimating greenhouse gas emissions. Various new directions for the use of agro-expert systems have been proposed: the development of agricultural technologies that reduce greenhouse gas emissions; analysis of the carbon efficiency of existing agricultural enterprises and development of recommendations for its improvement; application of agro-expert systems in the design of efficient and sustainable agri-food systems. The technical result is a project of an effective digital technology for optimal crop management based on a unified methodology of dynamic agro-expert systems with an assessment of emissions and absorption of greenhouse gases for all crops, using a unified software and methodology for conducting computer experiments.
The article deals with theoretical, methodological, scientific and practical issues of assessing the balance of resource potential in relation to agricultural production. The analysis of the current state and dynamics of the resource potential of agricultural production showed the presence of imbalances associated with different levels of provision and use of basic resources. The quantitative reduction in certain types of resources was offset by an increase in their qualitative characteristics associated with the introduction of innovations, which contributes to an increase in the efficiency of the entire resource potential. The reasons that contributed to the formation of a disproportion in the resource potential of agricultural production were identified: different dynamics of the sectoral and production structures of the agro-industrial complex, a decrease in the absolute and relative indicators of the use of individual elements of the resource potential, non-compliance with the norms of resource use. On the example of land and material and technical resources, an assessment was made of the balance of the resource potential of agricultural production. As a methodological basis for calculating the balance of the resource potential, it is proposed to use the normative method. The standards for material and technical security were adjusted taking into account the dynamics of the influence of scientific and technological progress on the qualitative characteristics of the machines used, which made it possible to develop dynamic standards for the necessary availability of equipment per unit of land area. It is shown that for tractors and combine harvesters in 2015-2022 there is a stabilization of the specific values of their availability and an improvement in technical characteristics, which leads to a reduction in the gap between the actual and standard level of provision of agricultural production with the main types of equipment. Perspective changes in the resource proportions of agricultural production are presented, related to the innovative development of agricultural production, ensuring compliance between the resource potential and production needs to meet domestic and export demand for agricultural products, sustainability and environmental friendliness of agricultural production.
The article considers the current state and prospects for the development of the market of nuts and their processed products. According to a similar methodology, a forecast scenario of the level of consumption of nuts and their processed products per capita was compiled. Using the method of moving averages, the author calculated mathematical models of high accuracy of selection. The developed forecast scenarios allow us to state with a high degree of probability that the dependence on imports on the market of nuts and their processed products will grow significantly
The article is devoted to the intensification of horticulture in Russia with the use of new mineral and organic fertilizers for root and non-root fertilizing. The paper examines the state of the horticulture sub-sector at the current time in Russia and developed countries of the world. The main problems of the development of the fruit and vegetable subcomplex of the Russian agro-industrial complex, the issues of increasing Russia's self-sufficiency in fruits and berries under the conditions of sanctions pressure are highlighted. A solution to the problem of turning modern horticulture into a high-tech industrial sub-sector of the agro-industrial complex, feasible only with the use of the latest scientific achievements, including agrochemistry, is proposed. The research conducted at the Pryanishnikov Institute Agrochemistry together with the FSBEI HE Vavilov University showed that the introduction of phosphogypsum contributes to the strengthening of growth processes, and, in particular, the laying of fruit formations. In order to carry out fundamental research in this area, the Central Information Scientific and Analytical Association (CISAA) laboratory was recreated and started functioning on the basis of the Pryanishnikov Institute Agrochemistry, from 2022. included in the register of accredited persons. Currently, CISAA provides services of agrochemical, chemical and physico-chemical types of analysis and developing methods of analysis of soils, plants and microbiota.
The article presents the current state of the meat and dairy industry, its role in the development of the agro-industrial complex and the achievement of the Food Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation, as well as proposals for the further effective development of the sub-industry. Among the key factors influencing the further effective development of this area are: raw material base; the level of physical and moral wear and tear of the main production assets of meat and dairy industry organizations; high dependence of the meat and dairy sub-industry on the import of machinery and equipment, as well as spare parts, components and materials. The basic principles of development are proposed: import substitution in the equipment market for the creation of modern livestock farming and processing industries through the development of environmentally friendly industries; support for meat and dairy machine builders, agricultural producers and organizations of the agro-industrial complex, development of small forms of farming through agricultural cooperation.
The article analyzes the current demographic situation in rural areas of Russia. The contribution to the dynamics of the rural population for 2015-2022 is estimated natural and migration growth, administrative and territorial transformations. Special attention is paid to the study of natural attrition as the main factor in the reduction of the rural population at the present hysterical stage. On the basis of the index method, its component analysis was carried out, the influence of age-related fertility and mortality rates, the gender and age structure of the population was assessed. The forecast estimates of the dynamics of the rural population for the next 10-15 years and targets in this area are presented, the implementation of which requires an active socio-economic and demographic policy in rural areas
The article notes that the current social and environmental policy in Russia aimed at the development of rural areas has not yet yielded the desired results. The above concerns almost all aspects, including employment and income of the rural population; its provision with comfortable housing; availability of services in such areas as education, health, culture and recreation; ecology. The only exception is the state of atmospheric air in rural areas, which meets the necessary requirements. Based on the results of the assessment of the social sphere and ecology of rural areas, the urgency of the problem of improving public administration of them is shown. It is concluded that the main direction of solving this problem is to increase the social orientation of rural development policy.