The outbreak of a new coronavirus infection, which escalated into the COVID-19 pandemic, caused significant damage to the entire global economy, and the agriculture sector was no exception. Restrictive measures taken everywhere - practically by all countries of the world - have caused a decrease in economic activity, blocking of trade ties, and the destruction of value chains between countries. The unpredictability of the duration of the pandemic period and the scale of its consequences could not but affect the previously predicted scenarios for the development of economic sectors, including the agricultural sector. The purpose of the article is to analyze the impact of COVID-19 on the global prospects for the development of the agricultural sector at two levels - global and national - and assess this impact, primarily on the Russian agricultural market. It is emphasized that the new coronavirus infection has added to the list of unpredictable factors in the agricultural sector, which have the property of uncertainty in their quantitative impact on agricultural markets. Inevitably, the infection caused the need to adjust the existing or develop a special scenario for the development of the agricultural sector, based on the study of the macroeconomic consequences of the pandemic. At the same time, attention should be paid to all links of the value chain as a system of interrelated elements of food production. It is argued that the scale of the consequences of the impact of COVID-19 is determined not only by the duration of the pandemic period, but also by the depth of its destructive effects, the speed of recovery of national economies from the crisis state, the dynamics of achieving the planned macroeconomic indicators and carrying out economic transformations. It is concluded that in the context of the pandemic crisis, Russia, as a country whose agriculture is less exposed to the negative impact of the new coronavirus infection, should not miss the chance to expand its presence in foreign agricultural markets.
This article provides an assessment of the current state and development trends of the grain production industry in the Orel region. The dynamics of sown areas, yield and gross harvests in the grain production industry is analyzed, and the place of the industry in the land use system is determined. An assessment of the composition and structure of costs for the main production of grain crops, as well as the formation of the cost of production in the industry is given. The dynamics of balance and movement of products in the grain production industry is presented. The trends in the dynamics of the sale of grain crops in agricultural organizations of the Orel region, taking into account the prices and profitability of products in the industry, are revealed, and in general, the efficiency of the grain production industry in the region is assessed.
The article emphasizes the important role of the poultry industry in ensuring the country's food security. The analysis of the current state of the poultry sub-sector of Russia is carried out. On the basis of the analysis, the positive and negative factors of the development of domestic poultry farming are determined. It is necessary to create a competitive cross of meat breeds of domestic production with the use of high-tech developments and complex scientific and technical projects of the full innovation cycle.
The article examines Russian and foreign approaches to the analysis of productive forces in the context of regional development indicators. The basic elements of organizational and methodological platforms are highlighted, as well as the prospects for their further application. It is emphasized that the priority direction within this research area is the study of both quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the territorial environment, sectoral aspects of its functioning during the process of expanded reproduction, as well as key components in the structure of the region's productive forces with a view to their further interpretation. In this connection, it is necessary and justified to revise the structure of management measures in modern conditions.
Citrus plants, since ancient times known to the inhabitants of China, Southeast Asia and India, today are grown on an industrial scale in a number of countries in Europe, North, Central and South America, Africa. Moreover, some of these countries in 1961 were leaders in the global ranking of that time in terms of the production of citrus fruits. In particular, the USA ranked first in gross harvests of these fruits with volumes of 6.932 million tons (27.66‰ of the world as a whole), Brazil was in second position with 2.077 million tons (8.29‰), Spain - the third - 1.963 million tons (7.83‰), Italy - the fourth - 1.477 million tons (5.89‰). Of the Asian countries, only India was included in the top five leaders with volumes of 2.077 million tons (4.84‰ of the world as a whole). As for our country, in the days of the Soviet Union, in order to meet the needs of the population and the food industry for some fruits of citrus crops, in a number of the republics of the Caucasus and Central Asia, projects were carried out to increase the area under these plants, to increase the gross harvest of the corresponding fruits. However, given the limited area of their possible large-scale production on the territory of the USSR, the state authorities began to increase the volume of their import from abroad, primarily from countries that were considered “friendly” or “conditionally neutral”. Russia, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, almost completely switched to providing the national market for citrus fruits through their import supplies. In general, the urgency of the indicated problem is due to the need to identify the main trends of change during 1961-2019. the volume of gross harvests of citrus fruits in the world, both in relation to specific subgroups of these fruits, and in the context of the main producing countries.
The article substantiates the relevance of the development of the direction of deep processing of corn as an innovative industry with a potentially high contribution to the gross domestic product of the state, as well as the active use of the potential opportunities of Russia and the Republic of Kazakhstan, contributing to the development of promising forms and directions of economic integration of the agro-industrial complex. The economic tasks solved by this direction are defined.
The article provides an overview of modern approaches to vocational guidance of students of agricultural universities, promoting the employment of graduates in the organization of the agricultural industry. The organizational mechanisms that contribute to the professional self-determination of graduates with disabilities and their choice of the agricultural sector of the economy for employment are revealed. The directions of interaction between universities and agricultural enterprises are considered. The forms of work with students to solve the problem of employment in agricultural enterprises are presented.
Small business is an important factor in the sustainable development of rural areas in the United States as it includes the largest number of economic facilities, stabilizes the rural population, contributes to the diversification of economic activities in rural areas and currently offers environmentally more acceptable technologies. The general criteria for classifying enterprises as small businesses adopted by the government Office of Small Business Administration, as well as the typology of farms developed and ameliorated by the Economic Research Service of the US Department of Agriculture, are examined. A comparison is made between the traditional (based on Gross Farm Sales) and new (based on Gross Farm Cash Income) approach to the definition of small farms. The related shifts in number of small farms and their share in total agricultural production are demonstrated. A number of existing and suspended loan, grant, and investment programs supervised by the Rural Development Services and other subdivisions of the U.S. Department of Agriculture were reviewed. For instance they are focused on socio-economic development, energy efficiency, stimulating of high-value production, promotion of micro-entrepreneurship, the use of information and communication technologies, solving environmental problems, as well as promoting innovation through a partnership of science and business.
The article analyzes the approaches to the transformation of the traditional system of state funding of applied research in agriculture that have occurred in recent decades in Australia. The article shows the legal, institutional and organizational aspects of the formation of a model for financing research on agricultural crops in the form of Industry research corporations, which are based on the principle of public-private partnership and the process of coordinating the interests, goals, tasks and priorities of agricultural producers, businesses and state agricultural management bodies. The funds generated from levies levied on producers and royalty payments under the EPR system are considered as additional alternative sources of financing for agricultural research. The main advantages of this model of agricultural research financing and its evaluation by international organizations are presented.
The scientific review article attempts an institutional analysis of the regulation of land relations in 57 member countries and 5 observer countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. To this end, it is proposed to divide all Islamic countries and observers into four groups according to such classification criteria as the influence of religion on the regulation of land relations. At the same time, the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) are included in a separate group, since these countries became members of the OIC after the collapse of the USSR. The observer States of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) are also included in a separate group. As a result of the institutional analysis, we have identified Islamic countries in which land relations are fully and partially regulated on the basis of Islamic law, and countries in which such regulation is carried out without the participation of the state. It has been established that after gaining state sovereignty in the early 1990s, the six CIS countries were in economic decline for a whole decade. In some of these countries there are restrictions and in others there are limitless opportunities for Islamic financial companies.