The problems of rural development have been on the agenda of the Russian Federation for more than a decade. However, the wealth gap between urban and rural populations persists despite all efforts to reduce it. In this article, we compare the financial situation of rural and urban residents in the period from 2011 to 2020. As the basis of our research, we use the statistics published by the Federal State Statistics Service. These data help to identify major trends in rural household well-being relative to urban households. In general, it is possible to conclude not only a significant lagging the level of material well-being of rural residents, but also negative trends, which, although reinforced by the impact of the pandemic of coronavirus infection in 2020, have emerged and manifested even earlier. Comparing the living standards of urban and rural households is important in terms of understanding the causes of urbanization and the mechanisms for integrated rural development, including measures necessary to improve the living standards of rural residents.
The article presents support for agriculture and the food industry in China, as well as an analysis of the dynamics and structure of exports of agro-food products with high added value over the past ten years. During this period, there was a tendency to increase exports of mainly labor-intensive and processed products with high added value, such as canned fish, meat and fruit and vegetable products. Among the main factors in the development of the food industry and the export of related products from China, we can highlight the growing demand both within the country and on the world market due to changes in consumer preferences, the introduction of innovations and the growth of investment in the industry. In modern conditions, measures to adapt the food and processing industry and the export of relevant products from China to functioning in the conditions of the global COVID-19 pandemic are relevant.
The article discusses the issues of tax policy and methods of income taxation of small and medium-sized enterprises, with an emphasis on taxation of small businesses in the agricultural sector of foreign countries. Particular attention is paid to the experience of income taxation of small enterprises with the status of an individual, forming the socio-economic basis of the agricultural sector in most countries - sole proprietors, partnerships (unincorporated enterprises), freelancers. In relation to this category of enterprises in Western countries, the regime of so-called single-level "through" income taxation is used, in which double taxation of income is excluded, and taxes are calculated at income tax rates, usually using a progressive scale and taking into account all benefits and deductions, which provides a very pronounced segregation of tax burdens depending on the level of income of the enterprise. Small businesses with a low level of income are practically exempt from income taxes or pay taxes at law rates. This experience may in the future, when switching to a progressive scale of taxation of individual income, be of interest to Russia, where such a regime is currently absent in the tax system.
Based on the analysis of the retrospective of foreign trade in agricultural products and food products, the article examines the key stages in the development of Russian exports of agricultural products, which made it possible to identify the key factors in the development of the agricultural sector that affect the formation of export potential. Based on the analysis of official data on foreign trade turnover, the most competitive agricultural sectors in foreign markets are shown. The key factors restraining the further accelerated development of export of agricultural products are revealed. The study examines the main directions of state support for the development of agricultural exports.
The relevance of the study of this work lies in the analysis of the current state and prospects for the development of soybean production and export in the Far East, whose territories are classified as geostrategic, and 24 districts are border areas. The purpose of the study is to summarize the strategic directions of agricultural development, including soybean cultivation, in accordance with the Decree of the President of Russia, Resolutions and Orders of the Government of Russia and to propose some additional agrotechnical and organizational measures to increase the production and export potential of soybeans, in particular, to unify the existing structure of state regulation of agriculture in the Far East. To develop in the future a digital platform consisting of four blocks to support the cultivation of soybean crops and their implementation, as well as a target program "Development of agriculture in the Far East for the period up to 2030" with preferences for soybean production and export. The main results of the Eastern Economic Forum, held in Vladivostok on September 2-4, 2021, are presented.
The article is devoted to the problems of considering the essence of the concept of efficiency, determining its criteria and indicators. Research has shown that in the economic literature there are different approaches to the efficiency of agricultural production in the retrospective period. The article systematizes the efficiency of agricultural production and gives approaches to determining it, as well as criteria and economic indicators, taking into account the development of market relations in the temporal aspect.
The article contains a comparative analysis of the appeal of rural and urban population to state employment centers for obtaining the status of unemployed, employment, organization of their own business, vocational training and its effectiveness. The respondents ' assessment of the activities of state employment centers and their suggestions for improving the work of these services are given.
The article deals with historical trends, current situation and future developments in agricultural fertilizer use throughout the world leading economies. The study covers the state support estimates for developed (USA, EU, Canada, Australia), emergent (India, China, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, Turkey) economies and Russia as well. Trends in the consumption of mineral fertilizers per area of cropland in 5 leading world economies (USA, EU, India, China, Brazil) in 2000-2019 are demonstrated. Key indicators of modern agricultural state support in 11 countries accordingly the OECD's methodology are shown. The main sources of state support to fertilizer use are determined. They associated with Producer Support Estimate (PSE) and include Payments based on input support (category B) and decoupled per hectare payments (category C). The role of indirect state support to fertilizer use in General Services Support Estimate (GSSE) is gradually increasing. A detailed analysis of state support to fertilizer use in selected countries according to the OECD’s methodology is carried out. Feasible business environment for global fertilizer market and main developments in state support to agricultural fertilizer use in the midterm are identified. The general proposals for the development of state support to fertilizer use in the Russian agriculture are added.
This paper discusses the introduction of export duties on agricultural products in Russia, and also contains an analysis of the theoretical aspects associated with the introduction of export duties on agricultural products. The results of the study showed that the duties imposed on Russian agricultural products in the previous period contributed to a decrease in the price of the domestic market (grain market) or limited the sale of agricultural raw materials in foreign markets and, thus, stimulated the export of products with higher added value (market oilseeds and sunflower oil). In addition, in recent years in Russia there has been a predominant development of exports of certain types of agri-food products, which, together with price fluctuations in the world market, has led to an increase in domestic market prices for certain food products. In order to stabilize the domestic market, the Government of the Russian Federation at the end of 2020 - beginning of 2021 adopted a set of measures based on tariff and customs regulation of exports, which were also considered in the paper.
Nut products play an increasingly important role in the food basket of the modern Russian consumer. The increased interest in nut crops and the need for a real increase in their production are caused by stable trends in the growth of global consumption of nuts, a change in the food culture in the world in the direction of consumption of natural products. This article is devoted to the export of Russian-made nut products. The authors investigate the dynamics of nut growing indicators, structurally analyze the export of various types of nuts in the context of importing countries, as well as leading export regions. The dynamics of prices for Russian nut products for foreign consumers is investigated. The ranking of leading organizations in terms of the volume of export deliveries of various types of nuts abroad has been made.