The article examines aspects of Russia's agrarian policy, its impact on the sustainable development of the agro-industrial complex and food security, with an emphasis on the regional component. The main problems in the agro-industrial complex have been identified, among others, uneven regional development, the gap between leaders and lagging territories, lack of investment, logistical barriers, dependence on imports, demographic outflow, and environmental risks. The insufficient effectiveness of subsidies was revealed, an integral indicator was developed based on an additive model combining production and investment factors, financial and budgetary indicators and socio-economic indicators, regression analysis was applied to predict dynamics. The rationale for the need to adapt agricultural policy to regional specifics is given, and tools are proposed to improve its effectiveness and management of the industry. The proposed assessment methodology can be applied to other macro-regions of Russia.
The article analyzes the entrepreneurial activity and effectiveness of agricultural organizations, whose main activity is the cultivation of poultry (poultry farms). The 25 poultry farms participating in the national project "Labor Productivity" are being considered, with the allocation of 7, which in 2023, according to the results of the rating, became part of the top group in achieving the planned labor productivity indicators while observing the principles of lean production. When analyzing the results of financial and economic activities, the impact of management and commercial expenses on changes in revenue and profit from sales was determined. At the same time, it is assumed that these costs are part of the transaction costs, which, depending on their size, affect the economic behavior and efficiency of poultry farms as business entities. according to the results of entrepreneurial activity, the worst situation has developed in small poultry farms. It is determined that for 2021-2022. due to the increase in the cost of production (mainly variable material costs), the mass of gross profit (marginal income) decreased and a loss was made at small poultry farms. The situation of medium–sized and large poultry farms over the same period was more advantageous, despite the deterioration of the market situation, most likely due to a more stable counterparty network. It is noted that in 2023 Due to the sharp increase in prices for poultry products (mainly eggs), the financial situation of the poultry farms under study has changed for the better and there has been an increase in gross and operating profits, which has reduced the negative impact of transaction costs on profitability. This is confirmed by the determination of break-even sales revenue, the amount of which in 2023 for all groups of poultry farms is significantly lower than its actual volume, which increased the leverage of financial stability.
In recent years, the concept of human capital has been widely used in economic theory and practice to assess the potential of labor resources of a country (region, industry, company) and to plan their development. Most scientists consider human capital as the sum of knowledge, skills, abilities, skills and experience that a person possesses, transforming these assets into economic value through his/her labor activity. There are various methodological approaches to the assessment of human capital, including: quantitative methods based on the determination of future income from investments in education, health, and qualitative methods that allow to establish the impact of intangible assets, including job satisfaction, personal development, etc., as well as the assessment of the value of human capital. One approach involves calculating the cost of education as the main factor determining its potential, the increase in the level of which on average for one year (according to the study of the International Monetary Fund) leads to an increase in GDP by 0.3%-0.6%. A number of other researchers in developed countries evaluate its importance more highly in comparison with other types of investment, believing that the efficiency of financial investments in higher education of a person ranges from 10% to 15%. Health plays an important role in the formation of human capital. According to the estimates of economic scientists, improvement of personnel health contributes to the growth of labor productivity by 20% and more. The effect of investing the state or companies in the health of their citizens (for example, through disease prevention programs or improved medical care) is achieved by reducing the number of days of disability, increasing the duration of working age and improving the quality of life. The article attempts to determine the value of human capital in agriculture on the basis of available information on public expenditures in education, health care, sports, generation and transfer of new knowledge, and development of rural areas.
The impressive successes achieved by Brazil in the last four decades in the development of the agro-industrial complex require comprehensive analysis and understanding. The country's emergence as a world leader in the production and export of agro-food products was due to the Strategy for the Development of the entire economic complex of the country and, first of all, its agricultural component. Modernization of agriculture was facilitated by institutional changes that were carried out in the 80-90-s of the last century. The steps taken to improve the financial situation, improve the political system, create modern economic institutions, social measures that allowed the population to escape poverty and form a civilized labor market, stimulate demand contributed to the revival of the economy and the growth of business activity. In these conditions, Brazilian agribusiness responded very quickly by investing in the modernization and industrialization of the agricultural sector. The agro-industrial complex became the object of large-scale state investments in the development of agrarian science and education, providing the basis for the growth of production of products with an export focus of industries.
The growth of agricultural, fish and food production in recent years has ensured that the thresholds of the Food Security Doctrine have been reached. At the same time, new development challenges arise in the new geopolitical conditions and the sanctions regime from Western countries. These tasks are more complex, requiring all levels of government and business to concentrate efforts and work closely together to create the business and investment climate necessary to finance national projects that address many issues related to the sustainable development of food industries. Science and the development of modern resource-saving technologies play an important role in solving these tasks. Therefore, it will be necessary to increase the effectiveness of scientific research, the content and results of which should minimize external challenges, risks and threats. The technological lag in a number of sectors of the food complex in the context of increasing sanctions pressure is currently one of the most serious challenges, carries great risks, and it is possible to counter them only by achieving technological sovereignty. In order to achieve their goals, government institutions need to constantly monitor the work of all parts of the complex food complex system, respond in a timely manner and eliminate development imbalances, ultimately ensuring the achievement of scientific and technological sovereignty and neutralizing the negative impact of sanctions.
The development of BRICS trade and economic ties with African countries with high investment potential, as well as gaining access to the continent's diverse resources, are becoming important factors in strengthening the bloc's economy in the long term. Africa maintains the highest population growth rates in the world, which increases the attractiveness of these countries for setting up production facilities and integrating them into international production chains. The development of mutually beneficial cooperation between BRICS and Egypt has significant prospects both within the bloc itself, especially in the context of increasing trade in agricultural products, agricultural raw materials, vaccines for livestock, and the implementation of initiatives to establish international cooperation with other African countries. Egypt is of strategic importance to the BRICS, determined by its geographical location, which makes it an important logistics and investment hub. The country is a major market for a wide range of agricultural products, and in the future it may open access to East African markets for BRICS. Egypt is a major producer of crop production: cereals, vegetables, root crops and tubers, fruits and berries. Potential opportunities for Egypt in BRICS include access to new markets, investment, stimulating innovation, and the transfer of advanced technologies that can contribute to the country's economic growth and development. However, the country faces significant challenges, such as an underdeveloped infrastructure, a shortage of qualified personnel, and regulatory barriers that may prevent it from fully integrating into the BRICS framework. Thus, the specifics of the development of the country's agricultural sector determine the directions of cooperation within the framework of the BRICS and give an impetus to strengthening relations and long-term cooperation in a number of mutually beneficial areas. The article discusses the main aspects of the formation of Egypt's agricultural potential in the context of joining the BRICS
The high strategic importance of the development of the agro-industrial complex requires constant improvement of the effectiveness of state agrarian and technological policy instruments. One of these tools is development institutions, which are actively involved in the implementation of Russia's economic policy. With this in mind, the aim of the study was to consider the role of development institutions in shaping the technological sovereignty of the Russian agro-industrial complex, which was solved using classical research methods: analysis, comparison, induction, deduction, abstract-logical and monographic. The study revealed that in modern economic conditions, accompanied by an unstable situation in the field of international relations, manifested, among other things, in the form of economic sanctions pressure and structural transformation of the country's economy, the role of development institutions capable of supporting the economy in a crisis situation is only increasing. The regulatory and legal support of development institutions was also considered in the context of facilitating the rapid spread of advanced technologies in certain sectors of agriculture that affect the change of technological structure. Taking into account the intensive processes of technological transformation, which in the agro-industrial complex is formulated in the format of a national goal to ensure technological independence and the formation of new markets for food security, recommendations were proposed to enhance the role of development institutions in shaping the technological sovereignty of the Russian agro-industrial complex.
The article examines the current trends in the development of the poultry farming sub-sector in the country. The growth rates of production in the countries that occupy a leading position in the production of poultry products are considered. It is shown that, despite the dynamic development of domestic industrial production at the present time, there is an urgent need to recreate domestic breeding to reduce the dependence of Russian poultry farming on imported crosses. The role of veterinary well-being and increased biosafety is shown.
The article discusses some theoretical and practical aspects of reproduction in the agricultural sector, the inflow of investments and the peculiarities of price dynamics in the market of agricultural raw materials and agricultural products. Considering the dynamics of investments in the country's economy as a whole, there is a decrease in the growth rate of prices for investment goods, on the one hand, and a change in the structure of attracted and own sources, with the predominance of the latter in recent years. In this regard, attention is focused on the consideration of the problem of reproduction from the point of view of the theory of its switching mode. The actions of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation to reduce entrepreneurial activity in the period 2023-2024 are noted as negative, which negatively affected the opportunities to attract long-term resources for the vast majority of producers of agricultural raw materials and agricultural products. There has been a huge increase in interest payments on loans for many types of agricultural products, which is due not so much to an increase in loans as to an increase in the interest rate, even taking into account its subsidization from the consolidated budget. Using the example of two types of agricultural products, it is shown that with increasing production, the price not only does not fall, but also increases, which, of course, is due to the influence of other, primarily inflationary, factors. In order to ensure the synchronicity of the switching reproduction mode between industries producing means of production and industries producing means of consumption, it is proposed to apply alternating government influence on pricing processes both in the market of means of production for agriculture and in the market of agricultural raw materials and food.