Territories with special economic regimes have a special legal status relative to the main part of the Country, which provides tax and customs privileges for domestic and foreign companies. They serve as an effective tool for managing regions and their economic growth, justifying the relevance of the research topic. The purpose of the study is to reveal the essence and history of the formation of territories with special economic regimes. The subject of the study is the economic relations of economic entities operating within these territories, while the objects themselves are the territories of Russia and abroad. A set of scientific cognition methods was used, including comparison, economic and logical analyses. The main difficulties of managing territories and their functioning include the uncertainty of goal setting, the instability of legal regulation, ignoring the Specifics of the regional economy and geography. The constraints remain bureaucratization, financial barriers, low-skilled personnel, and weak investor protection. Solving the problems requires optimizing the management of territories with special economic regimes, developing infrastructure, supporting small and medium-sized enterprises, standardizing rental conditions, and training qualified workers. Despite the existing obstacles, territories with special economic regimes contribute to the influx of investments and the growth of regional prosperity.
The article reveals the content of the rural economy and its main specificity, which lies in its multifunctionality, which must be taken into account when determining the indicators of its sustainable development. The article highlights the macroeconomic, socio-demographic, and organizational-managerial factors that influence the rural economy. The article argues that it is appropriate to conduct analysis in time and space, using data arrays by territory and period. The article emphasizes the heterogeneity of the rural economy, which is not only due to the diversity of its constituent industries, but also due to the various technological modes, ranging from the second to the sixth. The article substantiates a number of features of the dependence of the rural economy on the analyzed factors. The principles of developing methodological approaches to assessing the impact of the main factors on the sustainable development of the rural economy are formulated, and the stages of conducting research are determined. It is concluded that it is possible to influence the analyzed factors in order to model the positive dynamics of the rural economy in order to achieve the necessary parameters of its sustainable development.
The problem of depression in rural areas is associated not so much with a lack of funding, but with the depletion of their internal, intangible potential – human and social capital, which forms an “institutional trap of zero point”. The aim of the study is to test and evaluate the effectiveness of the “university-municipality” partnership model as a low-budget “seed” mechanism capable of activating these resources. The methodology includes a case study based on the example of Azovskoye rural settlement (Krasnodar Krai), a project experiment on the creation of a digital local history and tourism quest guide, a triple verification procedure involving the university, administration and local community, as well as an analysis of budgetary efficiency. The results showed that with the actual costs of the municipality of 35 thousand rubles, the return on investment (ROI) ranged from 757% to 1900%, and the created product acted as a catalyst for cooperation and the formation of social capital. The practical significance lies in proving the high efficiency and strategic complementarity of the model in relation to large-scale state development programs, which justifies its replication as a mandatory preparatory stage for depressed territories.
This study analyzes depopulation as a systemic factor causing a labor market crisis in agriculture in the Far Eastern Federal District. The author presents a comprehensive approach to assessing the balance of the rural labor market, based on the study of three interrelated analytical frameworks: (1) "land relations - economic structure"; (2) "economic structure - labor demand"; (3) "migration dynamics - labor supply". This approach allows us to identify cause-and-effect relationships between land use institutions, the sectoral structure of the economy that creates jobs, and the demographic flows that determine the workforce. It has been established that depopulation in the Far Eastern Federal District is structural in nature, leading to a 19-40% reduction in the working-age population, a 34-52% decrease in the number of jobs in rural areas, a sharp aging of the employed population (an increase in the average age of 4.2-8.1 years), and the degradation of social infrastructure [5, 10]. It is shown that the imbalance between labor demand in low-income and seasonal sectors (tourism, agriculture) and supply from young people focused on modern employment formats and quality of life exacerbates migration outflow. Based on a three-loop model, a system of strategic measures has been developed aimed at achieving a balanced rural labor market through the synchronization of land, industry, and migration policies. The proposed tools include the development of cooperation and clustering in rural areas, the adaptation of educational programs, the creation of digital infrastructure solutions, and the implementation of targeted migration programs that take into account regional specifics.
The escalation of the conflict in Iran and the subsequent blocking of the Strait of Hormuz in early 2026 had a significant and multifaceted impact on the global economy, with consequences for the energy and agricultural sectors. The Strait of Hormuz is a critically important maritime artery through which about a quarter of the world's maritime oil trade passes, as well as significant volumes of liquefied natural gas (LNG), mineral fertilizers and food. Disruption of stability in this region inevitably leads to higher energy prices, disruptions in supply chains, and, as a result, higher food production costs and a threat to global food security. In the event of a further escalation of the conflict, the global oil market and existing transport and logistics corridors will require significant restructuring. The conflict in the Middle East has led to a sharp jump in global energy prices, which has a direct and indirect impact on the agricultural sector. The Persian Gulf countries, being major producers of oil, gas and fertilizers, are experiencing a direct impact of the conflict on their economies and export opportunities. Countries with high dependence on imported energy and fertilizers, as well as limited opportunities to subsidize the agricultural sector, found themselves in the most vulnerable position. The countries where humanitarian problems are likely to worsen are Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Yemen, Afghanistan and Lebanon. According to the UN World Food Program, there were more than 318 million people in Iran before the escalation of the conflict. They have already experienced severe food shortages, which undermines efforts to ensure global food security. Russia's trade relations with the countries of the Middle East account for a significant share of Russia's trade turnover, and the trade in agricultural products and foodstuffs between Russia and Iran has grown significantly in recent years. The aggravation of the situation in the Middle East affects the further development of Russian-Iranian trade and economic cooperation in the field of agriculture, namely, increasing exports of agri-food products, prospects for the implementation of transport and logistics infrastructure projects, in particular the use of the international transport corridor "North-South". In this regard, the study of the consequences of the escalation of the conflict in Iran on global food security in connection with Russia's national interests is the most relevant.
The article analyzes the mechanisms of transmission of a geopolitical shock in the event of a closure of the Strait of Hormuz and its impact on global agricultural commodity markets. The study identifies the channels through which a sharp reduction in the transit of oil, liquefied natural gas, and fertilizers through the strait translates into increased production costs and higher wholesale prices for grains, oilseeds, and food products overall. Based on official data from the International Energy Agency (IEA), the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), it is demonstrated that approximately 20 million barrels of oil and petroleum products per day—around 20% of global consumption—are transported through the strait, along with nearly 20% of the global liquefied natural gas market, a key feedstock for nitrogen fertilizer production. The study analytically distinguishes between short-term effects (price shocks and supply chain disruptions) and medium-term effects (logistical restructuring, producer adaptation, and increased food vulnerability). It is established that net food-importing countries and developing economies bear disproportionately high costs due to the combined rise in energy, fertilizer, and freight prices. The paper concludes that there is a systemic interdependence between energy and food security, necessitating proactive international response mechanisms.
The article examines the role of formal and informal institutions in shaping the development trajectory of Russia’s regional agro-industrial complex. The study analyzes the structure of the institutional environment of the agro-industrial sector, which includes legal, organizational, infrastructural and social components, and evaluates the key mechanisms through which they influence the efficiency and sustainability of the industry. A comparative regional analysis is conducted using an integrated institutional development index that reveals spatial differentiation in institutional quality, innovation levels and investment activity. Special attention is given to institutional barriers, such as inconsistencies in support measures, insufficient development of cooperation, infrastructural constraints and workforce shortages. The findings highlight the uneven nature of the institutional environment and substantiate the need for differentiated management solutions. The materials of the article can be used by public authorities, research institutions and experts in the development of regional strategies for agro-industrial development.
Agricultural producers in the Republic of Belarus are represented by several categories of farms: agricultural organizations, private farms, and peasant farms. Each category of farm has its own organizational and economic characteristics, including the quantitative composition and the volume of crop and livestock production. These aspects directly influence the financial results of agricultural production through the reproduction of fixed and working capital, expenses, and sales profitability. This ultimately determines the profitability of the agricultural business. The aim of this study is to identify the organizational and economic characteristics of agricultural production in farms of different categories. This article analyzes the dynamics and structure of agricultural producers by farm category, as well as the dynamics and structure of agricultural production in the Republic of Belarus, revealing differences in agricultural production between agricultural organizations and peasant farms. The results of this study may be useful to agricultural sector authorities in developing measures to increase the profitability of agricultural producers.
With the accelerated digitalization of Russia's agro-industrial complex and growing interest in alternative sources of financing, the integration of Islamic financial services into digital agro-industrial ecosystems is acquiring strategic importance for expanding agricultural producers' access to Sharia-compliant capital. The lack of unified conceptual models and technical solutions for integrating Islamic financial instruments (sukuk, mudarabah, istisna', takaful, salam, ijara, and murabaha) into existing digital agro-industrial platforms limits the agricultural sector's ability to attract investment from Islamic countries. The aim of this study is to develop a modular architecture for integrating Islamic financial services into digital agro-industrial ecosystems. Using general economic methods such as analysis and synthesis, comparison and contrast, and systems and logical approaches, this article examines Islamic financial instruments as sources of financing for agricultural producers and the potential for their integration into digital agro-industrial platforms. Based on the results of the study, the architecture of a Sharia-compliant module for existing agro-ecosystems was proposed, ensuring the implementation of sukuk, mudarabah, istisna, takaful, salam, ijara, and murabaha through smart contracts, which opens up export opportunities in the markets of BRICS, OIC, Malaysia, the Persian Gulf countries, etc. The developed model for the integration of Islamic financial services into digital ecosystems of the agro-industrial complex for the first time systematizes approaches to their technological compatibility, creating a basis for regulatory and methodological support for the introduction of Sharia-compliant financing in the agricultural sector.
The article is devoted to the study of systemic problems that hinder the scientific and innovative development of agriculture. As a result of the conducted research, the trends of innovative development of agriculture, industry-specific features, which are its main constraining factors, have been identified. It is concluded that the scientific and innovative development of agriculture is determined by the amount of funding for research and development (R&D) and the availability of qualified personnel. There is a relatively low level of spending on research and development at the level of the state and agro-industrial companies in comparison with the leading Western countries. The reasons for the low level of R&D spending in Russia are revealed, including chronic underinvestment in science, the predominance of a strategy of borrowing innovations and a focus on short-term benefits. The disadvantages of the state policy in the field of labor market and remuneration are considered. The paper proves the excessive optimism of existing projects and programs to provide agriculture with qualified personnel without radically solving the problem of low wages, primarily for scientific and pedagogical staff.